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751.
We propose to measure the gravitational constantG by putting in an orbiting laboratory a known mass of very high density and by tracking the motion of a small test mass under the gravitational influence of the primary mass. We analyse the different sources of perturbation; the consideration of the Earth's gravity gradient leads us to conclude that, if the laboratory is in a low Earth orbit, we cannot get stable satellite-like orbits of the test mass, but we must study only a process of gravitational scattering. In order to maximize the time of interaction it is proposed to use the practical stability of a collinear equilibrium point of the system Earth-primary mass, by putting the test mass as close as possible to the stable manifold of an equilibrium point. This method will allow the determination of the value ofG within a few parts over 105, as shown by some computer simulations of the experiment taking into account also some unknown perturbation and random noise.Two main problems are involved in this experiment: (a) refined numerical methods are needed to take into account all significant perturbations and to extract the result aboutG from the experimental data; (b) during the motion of the test mass, the primary mass must always be free-falling inside the laboratory, so that this experiment needs a drag-free satellite technique of the same type which is necessary for high-precision gravimetric measurements. 相似文献
752.
Geochemical features of rocks,stream sediments,and soils of the Fiume Grande Valley (Calabria,Italy)
Carmine Apollaro Luigi Marini Rosanna De Rosa Paolo Settembrino Fabio Scarciglia Giuseppe Vecchio 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(4):719-729
The role of both natural weathering and anthropogenic pollution in controlling the distribution of major oxides and several
trace elements in soils, stream sediments, and rocks of the Fiume Grande catchment was evaluated. The contents of major oxides
and trace elements in soils appear to be governed by weathering and pedogenetic processes, although the use of fertilizers
in agriculture could also partly affect K2O and P2O5 contents. Stream sediments have concentrations of major oxides (except CaO) very similar to soils, as relevant amounts of
soil materials are supplied to the stream channels by erosive phenomena. In contrast, stream sediments have concentrations
of Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, As, and Pb significantly higher than those of soils, probably due to different conditions and rates of
mobility of these elements within the three considered matrices and/or disposal of wastes in the drainage network. Comparison
of the concentrations of PHEs in soils with the maximum admissible contents established by the Italian law shows that these
limits are too restrictive in some cases and too permissive in other ones. The approach of setting these limits with no consideration
for the local geological–geochemical framework may lead to improper management of the territory and its resources.
Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
753.
Rocco Favara Fausto Grassa Paolo Madonia Mariano Valenza 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(12):2411-2430
During a three-year discontinuous geochemical monitoring of some warm springs and cold discharges located in central-northern
Sicily, some hydro-geochemical changes were observed. Excluding a possible related to a moderate seismic activity were accidentally
identified. The observed anomalies showed amplitudes that were modulated by the different geometries and volumes of the feeding
aquifers. A poroelastic aquifer contraction, a shaking-induced dilatancy theory as well as seismogenetic-induced changes in
the properties of the aquifers have been proposed as possible mechanisms for the water flow and hydro-geochemical changes.
These preliminary results could be used to design a monitoring network aimed at surveilling the seismic activity of the studied
area from a geochemical standpoint. 相似文献
754.
755.
756.
Paolo Antonio Pirazzoli Stéphane Costa Uwe Dornbusch Alberto Tomasin 《Ocean Dynamics》2006,56(5-6):498-512
This paper is based on statistical analysis of hourly tide measurements for some 285 equivalent full years from the stations
of Weymouth, Bournemouth, Portsmouth, Newhaven, Dover and Sheerness in the UK, and of Cherbourg, Le Havre, Dieppe, Boulogne,
Calais and Dunkirk in France. For each tidal value, surge heights have been determined and correlated with hourly or three-hourly
wind and air pressure data from nearby meteorological stations. Major surges in the area are generally produced by storms
associated with wind from north-west or south-west that tend to push oceanic water into the Channel. Recent medium-term climate
evolution does not seem to increase the flooding risk at French stations, where surge-related winds tend to decrease in frequency
and speed (Cherbourg, Dieppe and Boulogne) or show little change (Le Havre). However, the long-term risk of flooding will
increase through the loss in land elevation due to a continuation of the local relative sea-level rise, especially if this
effect will be enhanced by an acceleration in the global sea-level rise predicted by climatic models. The northern side of
the Channel (Weymouth, Bournemouth and Portsmouth) is mainly exposed to southerly winds that show variable trends. It is also
apparently affected by strong subsidence trends during the last two decades. If lasting, such trends can only increase long-term
flooding risk. The flooding risk has not increased near the eastern end of the Channel. The duration of significant cyclonic
events tends to decrease near Cherbourg but tends to increase near Weymouth, with no conclusive trends in other stations (Portsmouth,
Calais and Dunkirk), where extreme surges may occur also in relatively high-air-pressure situations. In conclusion, medium-term
coastal flooding risk seems to increase especially at Weymouth, Bournemouth and Portsmouth, and also, but less so, at Le Havre
and Sheerness. In addition, few extreme surges occurred during the last decades at the time of spring high tide, which would
seem to be a fortunate coincidence or, in some cases, an effect of tide–surge interaction. The risk of occurrence of less
favourable random events in the near future is therefore of concern, and flood potential would greatly increase if the global
sea-level rise expected in the near future is also considered. 相似文献
757.
Simone Tumiati Martin Thni Paolo Nimis Silvana Martin Volkmar Mair 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2003,210(3-4):509-526
We have analyzed the Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr whole-rock and mineral isotope systematics of garnet peridotites and associated eclogites and migmatitic gneisses from the Nonsberg–Ulten zone of the Eastern Alps. The garnet peridotites include coarse-grained varieties, characterized by well-preserved to slightly modified mantle geochemical signatures, and finer-grained varieties enriched in amphibole and LILE. Hydration of some of the most strongly deformed, fine-grained peridotites by crustal fluids caused isotopic disequilibrium between the peridotite minerals, preventing accurate age determinations. The coarse-grained peridotites, the eclogites and the country migmatitic gneisses yield garnet–whole-rock and garnet–clinopyroxene Sm–Nd ages that indicate for all rock types an isotopic homogenization event at ca. 330 Ma. The similar ages suggest that all rock types shared a common history since the incorporation of the peridotites in the crust, and constrain the garnet-facies metamorphism of the peridotites, as well as partial melting of the crust, to an episode of crustal subduction at the end of the Variscan orogenic cycle. 相似文献
758.
Lateral variations of seismic intensity attenuation in Italy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
759.
Luigi Improta Mariateresa Bonagura Paolo Capuano Giovanni Iannaccone 《Tectonophysics》2003,361(1-2):139-169
In this paper, we investigate the upper crustal structure of the Irpinia region, Southern Apennines thrust belt, Italy, through analysis and joint interpretation of gravity data, seismic reflection lines and subsurface information from many deep wells. The investigated region includes the epicentral area of the 1980 (Ms=6.9) Irpinia earthquake and is one of the Italian regions with the highest seismic hazard. The upper crustal structure is imaged by modeling a series of 15 SW-trending gravity profiles, spaced about 5 km apart, plentifully constrained by seismic reflection lines and wells, thus reducing the inherent ambiguity of the gravity modeling. Despite of the complexity of the modeled Bouguer anomalies, the application of a calibrating procedure to constrain the range of variability of the density values, as well as the use of geometric constraints, results in a good level of stability in the final density cross-sections, which in fact appear coherent both in the density values and in the geometrical features. The inferred model shows important lateral density variations that can be mostly related to NW-trending geologic structures. High-density bodies delineate carbonate platform thrust sheets and broad antiforms involving Mesozoic basinal rocks, while low-density shallow bodies are associated with Pliocene basins. In addition, important density (i.e. lithological) variations are evident along the strike of the range, the most relevant being an abrupt deepening of the Apulia Carbonate Platform in the southeastern part of the investigated region. In the epicentral region of the 1980 event, we find that the geometry of the high-density, high-velocity carbonates of the Apulia Platform appears correlated with the distribution of the aftershocks and with the P-wave velocity anomaly pattern as inferred from a previous local earthquake tomography. The structural highs of the Apulia Platform correspond to high-velocity regions, where aftershocks and coseismic slip of the mainshock are concentrated. This correlation suggests that the Apulia Carbonate Platform geometry played an important role in the rupture propagation and in the aftershock distribution. 相似文献
760.
Paolo Riva Federico Perotti Emanuela Guidoboni Enzo Boschi 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1998,17(7-8)
The existence of a valuable historical heritage of the Medieval age in Bologna has motivated a deeper study on the seismic behaviour of the Asinelli Tower, which, beyond being the town symbol, has a structural configuration prone to seismic damage. Accordingly, in the present paper, the seismicity of Bologna is reviewed and a synthesis of the damage observed in the urban area, based on an accurate historical research, is given, with the objective of evaluating the behavior of the Asinelli Tower within the framework of the effects localized in the municipality. An assessment of the tower's stability with respect to compatible seismic events, at least qualitatively, with the region seismicity is then carried out by means of a non-linear dynamic analysis on a simplified model. 相似文献