Construction of vertical wind profile from satellite-derived winds for objective analysis of wind field

During summer Monex-79, a variety of observing systems viz. research ships, research aircrafts, constant pres-sure balloons and geostationary satellite etc. were deployed, besides the regular conventional observations The pur-pose of these additional systems was to make the best possible data for the studies on various aspects of monsoon cir-culation. The present study is aimed at the construction of vertical wind profile using cloud motion vectors obtained from GOES (I-O) satellite and to examine whether the constructed wind profiles improves the representation of the monsoon system, flow pattern etc. in the objective analysis. For this purpose, climatological normals of the wind field are considered as the initial guess and the objective analyses of the wind field are made with, first using only data from conventional observations over land areas, subsequently including the constructed winds from cloud motion vectors. These analyses are then compared with the standard analyses of wind field obtained from Quick Look Atlas by T. N. Krishnamurti et al. (1979).It is inferred that satellite estimated mean wind profiles show good agreement with the mean wind profiles of the research ships with RMS errors less than 5 mps below 500 hPa and less than 8 mps above 500 hPa. It is further infer-red that the inclusion of constructed winds shows a positive impact on the objective analysis and improvement is seen to be more marked in the data-sparse region of the Arabian sea. Analyses which include the constructed winds show better agreement with the standard analysis, than the analyses obtained using only conventional winds. Thus, results of our study suggest that the wind profiles constructed using cloud motion vectors are of potential use in objective analysis to depict the major circulation features over the Indian region.     

ON ICE FORMING NUCLEI

Cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)constitute a reservoir of latent ice-forming nuclei(IFN)active by condensation-followed-by-freezing and by sorption.Two classes of aerosol particles active as IFN by sorption werefound.The first produces IFN concentrations which are dependent on temperature only.The IFN concen-tration consecutively increases with lowering of temperature and does not respond to the increasing partialwater vapor pressure.The second produces IFN concentrations which are dependent on partial water vaporpressure only,The IFN concentration consecutively decreases with decreasing of the partial water vapor pres-sure that takes place with the lowering temperature.Sulfates(mostly ammonium sulfate)constitute an integral part of IFN active by condensation-followed-by-freezing and by sorption.Backward isentropic air parcel trajectories linked polluted air rich in sulfates andclean air with high and low concentrations of IFN active by condensation-followed-by-freezing at-19.7℃ andS_w=0.1%.The experiments were performed in a dynamic filter processing chamber with aerosol particles collectedon membrane filters.     

通过940nm附近的微分吸收从空间确定大气总水汽量:理论与机载检验

文中提出了一种从空间估算大气总水汽含量的新方法。该方法是从一窄一宽两个光谱通道来观测地球表面,两光谱通道的中心都在水汽吸收最大处940nm附近的波长上。由于这些特征,两个通道测得的太阳辐射率之比不依赖于地面反射率,能得到一个沿光学路径的总水汽含量直接估计值。以这种概念为基础,我们设计并制作丁一台两通道辐射仪以检验该方法。采用新设备进行的机载试验证明,在海洋和陆地上晴空条件下该方法是可行的,然而在海洋上并且有深厚气溶胶层存在时用该方法所得的总水汽量可能估计偏低20％。尽管卫星微波方法可以在各种天气条件下使用,与之相比,我们的方法具有简便的优点,而且在陆地上微波辐射测量技术不适用。我们提出的方法可能是一种很有希望的、可用于陆地的备选方法。     

地中海带(Carpathians,Balkanides,Caucosus)的构造推覆体和水平层状构造

对地中海带研究区段内形态-运动学特征、产生的构造层次、时空关系以及推覆体形成机理的研究,可得出如下结论:(1)构造推覆体可划分为如下类型:(a)拆离的基底推覆体,包括内Carpathian推覆体(Tatricium,包括Lesser Carpathians,Veporikan,Gemerikum)、中东Garpathian推覆体、北Apuseni的Come推覆体(Bibaria和kodru推覆体体系和Arieseroi推覆体)、Rhodop地块的Crystalliihicum推覆体岩     

北大西洋的演化:变位(Jumping)板块边界与微板块研究

本文用北大西洋、拉布拉多海、挪威-格陵兰海及欧亚盆地的海底扩张磁异常与断裂带描述了北大西洋的演化。由这些资料确定的一系列旋转极点表明在北大西洋的总体演化中,有几条板块边界发生了由一个地区向另一个地区的移动,从而表明有几个微板块存在。这里对于Lomonosov岭曾作为北美板块的一部分而运动的想法作了评价,表明如果考虑到其他可能性时,将会出现很严重的问题。自洋底扩张开始至磁异常10~(?),也即直至随欧亚板块一起运动。在此期间,欧亚板块与Iberia板块间的板块边界持续地向不同的位置上运动,从而造成北大西洋的这一区段具有复杂的磁异常型式。对加拿大Grand Banks区的译细磁测量用于解释这一板边界上的移动。Procupine板块是欧亚板块的一部分,它位于Biscay海湾以北磁异常以东并包括了不列颠岛的陆架,它在始     

剪切带中膝折带与剪切条带劈理的成因:实验研究

用人造KCl/云母片岩作单剪变形实验,以其原始片理(S_1)与外加单剪面斜交,角度取值于0°～170°,间隔10°。多数实验的角剪应变为30°,在二阶段实验中为50°,所有实验的完成都是在室温、围压介于10和80MPa,应变速率4.8×10~(-4)/s的条件下进行的。样品的变形主要是由滑移完成的,S_1上有滑移,并出现了另外两组滑移面。它们以膝折带型式出现,局部为透入性剪切条带劈理。两种构造可以单独出现或呈共轭组出现,它们出现的样品中S_1方向分别对应于瞬时应变椭球体的缩短区与拉伸区。我们将讨论这些构造发育中涉及到的各种因素。我们的实验表明,有膝折带或剪切条带劈理形成的剪切带中S_1与带的边界斜交。哪种构造出现以及它们是呈单组构造出现还是两组共轭出现主要依赖于S_1的初始方向。     

板内地震的特征及其解释模型

尽管远不及极块边缘接触带区频繁,但板内地震具有巨大的破坏潜力。特别地,由于绝大部分情形下,它们与地表断裂无关,人们尚未弄清其成因与性质。今后,潜在的地震震源区域必须利用间接方法识别。板内地震的构造成因仍然是一个谜。随着新的数据的获得,对于各种地质区内发生的板内地震来说,有几种常见的特征很明显。对板内地震各方面评价表明:它们通过各种预先存在的特征与现今应力场相互作用而发生。在本篇综述中,作者首先列出了识别这些特征的各种方法并对板内地震的特征元素进行了描述。相互作用以三种方式中的一种或多利,形式出现。其中包括由于瞬时应力场作用使潜在地震特征的应力局部集中引起的应力的叠加以及由于力学和化学方式引起的特征强度的衰减。所提出的解释板内地震的多种模型包括其中一个或多个因素。第一类模型包括深成岩附近的应力加强、断层弯曲处地震的始发与终止状态、各种