Single-Doppler Radar Observations of a High Precipitation Supercell Accompanying the 12 April 2003 Severe Squall Line in Fujian Province

In this study,single Doppler radar data were used to examine the structure and evolution of a high precipitation(HP) supercell embedded in a cold front near Jianyang,Fujian Province on 12 April 2003.The synoptic environment was characterized by high humidity at low levels,moderate CAPE(convective available potential energy;1601 J kg~(-1)),moderate wind shear(22 m s~(-1) in 0-5 km),and veering of the horizontal winds with height,similar to those HP supercells previously observed in midlatitudes.In additio...     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric and CO_2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part I: Model Description

Ozone is well documented as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. It is reported that tropospheric O3 concentration increases rapidly in recent 20 years. Evaluating and predicting impacts of ozone concentration changes on crops are drawing great attention in the scientific community. In China, main study method about this filed is controlled experiments, for example, Open Top Chambers. But numerical simulation study about impacts of ozone on crops with crop model was developed slowly, what is more, the study about combined impacts of ozone and carbon dioxide has not been reported. The improved agroecosystem model is presented to evaluate simultaneously impacts of tropospheric O3 and CO2 concentration changes on crops in the paper by integrating algorithms about impacts of ozone on photosynthesis with an existing agroecosystem biogeochemical model (named as DNDC). The main physiological processes of crop growth (phenology, leaf area index, photosynthesis, respiration, assimilated allocation and so on) in the former DNDC are kept. The algorithms about impacts of ozone on photosynthesis and winter wheat leaf are added in the modified DNDC model in order to reveal impacts of ozone and carbon dioxide on growth, development, and yield formation of winter wheat by coupling the simulation about impacts of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis of winter wheat which exists in the former DNDC. In the paper, firstly assimilate allocation algorithms and some genetic parameters (such as daily thermal time of every development stage) were modified in order that DNDC can be applicable in North China. Secondly impacts of ozone on crops were simulated with two different methods- one was impacts of ozone on light use efficiency, and the other was direct effects of ozone on leaves photosynthesis. The latter simulated results are closer to experiment measurements through comparing their simulating results. At last the method of direct impacts of ozone on leaf growth is adopted and the coefficients about impacts of ozone on leaf growth and death are ascertained. Effects of climate changes, increasing ozone, and carbon dioxide concentration on agroecosystem are tried to be simulated numerically in the study which is considered to be advanced and credible.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS ON INFLUENCES OF VARIATION OF SEA ICE THICKNESS AND EXTENT ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION

By using a 2-layer AGCM designed by Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy ofSciences.this paper investigates influences of thickness and extent variations in Arctic sea ice onthe atmosphere circulation,particularly on climate variations in East Asia.The simulation resuhshave indicated that sea ice thickness variation in the Arctic exhibits significant influences onsimulation results,particularly on East Asian monsoon.A nearly reasonable distribution of sea icethickness in the model leads directly to stronger winter and summer monsoon over East Asia.andimproves the model's simulation results for Siberia high and Icelandic low in winter.On the otherhand,sea ice thickness variation can excite a teleconnection wave train across Asian Continent,andin low latitudes,the wave propagates from the western Pacific across the equator to the easternPacific.In addition,the variation of sea ice thickness also influences summer convective activitiesover the low latitudes including South China Sea and around the Philippines.Effects of winter sea ice extents in the Barents Sea on atmospheric circulation in the followingspring and summer are also significant.The simulation result shows that when winter sea iceextent in the target region is larger (smaller) than normal.(1)in the following spring (averagedfrom April to June).positive (negative) SLP anomalies occupy the northern central Pacific.whichleads directly to weakened (deepened)Aleutian low.and further favors the light (heavy) sea icecondition in the Bering Sea:(2)in the following summer,thermal depression in Asian Continent isdeepened (weakened).and the subtropical high in the northwestern Pacific shifts northward(southward) from its normal position and to be strengthened (weakened).     

CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHANGJIANG DELTA AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISM

Characteristics of climate change in the Changjiang Delta were analyzed based on the annualmean meteorological data since 1961,including air temperature,maximum and minimum airtemperature,precipitation,sunshine duration and visibility at 48 stations in that area(southernJiangsu and northern Zhejiang),and its adjacent areas(northern Jiangsu,eastern Anhui andsouthern Zhejiang),together with the environmental data.The results indicate that it is gettingwarmer in the Changjiang Delta and cooler in adjacent areas,thus the Changjiang Delta becomes a bigheat island,containing many little heat islands consisting of central cities,in which Shanghai City isthe strongest heat island.The intensity of heat islands enhances as economic development goes up.From the year 1978.the beginning year of reform and opening policy,to the year 1997,the intensityof big heat island of Changjiang Delta has increased 0.5℃ and Shanghai heat island increased 0.8℃.However.since 1978 the constituents of SO_2,NO_x and TSP(total suspended particles)in theatmosphere,no matter whether in the Changjiang Delta or in the adjacent areas,have all increased,but pH values of precipitation decreased.In the meantime,both sunshine duration and visibility arealso decreased,indicating that there exists a mechanism for climate cooling in these areas.Ouranalyses show that the mechanism for climate warming in the Changjiang Delta may be associatedwith heating increase caused by,economic development and increasing energy consumption.It isestimated that up to 1997 the intensity of warming caused by this mechanism in the Changjiang Deltahas reached 0.8—0.9℃,about 4—4.5 times as large as the mean values before 1978.Since then,the increase rate has become 0. 035℃/a for the Changjiang Delta.It has reached 1.3℃ for Shanghaiin 1997,about 12—13 times as large as the mean values before 1978.This is a rough estimation ofincreasing energy consumption rate caused by economic development.     

A Study of SST Warming Trend in the Western Equatorial Pacific in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Land GCM

１．ＢａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄＡｇｌｏｂａｌｏｃｅａｎ－ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ－ｌａｎｄｓｙｓｔｅｍｇｅｎｅｒａｌｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌ（ＧＣＭ）ｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｉｎｔｈｅＳｔａｔｅＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｆＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌＭｏｄ...     

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔榴辉岩中金红石微量元素地球化学特征

本文利用电子探针分析了中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔各种类型榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr和Zr含量。Zack等(2002)的金红石Nb-Cr图解表明榴辉岩的原岩均为镁铁质岩,但不同类型榴辉岩具有不同的地球化学特征,即:1金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石的Nb和Cr含量大致相同,主孔中上述榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量与区域上小焦金红石矿区金红石榴辉岩中金红石的Nb、Cr含量基本相同。总体来讲,区域和主孔榴辉岩中金红石以低Nb为特征,反映它们的原岩为镁铁质岩石。2蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石具最高的Nb和Cr含量,其Nb和Cr均值分别为720×10-6和712×10-6,多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石比金红石榴辉岩、石英榴辉岩、角闪岩和钛铁矿榴辉岩中金红石富集Cr。利用Zack等(2004)提出的金红石地质温度计,计算得出金红石榴辉岩的金红石形成温度介于608~746℃,石英榴辉岩的金红石温度介于629~680℃,钛铁矿榴辉岩金红石的形成温度介于629~704℃,蓝晶石多硅白云母榴辉岩的金红石形成温度为600℃,角闪岩的金红石形成温度为629℃。一种可能的解释是,榴辉岩在折返过程中退变质作用明显,流体活动强烈,导致金红石中Zr扩散丢失,金红石中Zr含量不同程度地受到角闪岩相退变质过程中再平衡作用的影响,致使计算的温度偏低。     

西太平洋富钴结壳生长与富集特征

通过对西太平洋麦哲伦海山区富钴结壳的大尺度细致研究 ,笔者较为深入地探讨了该区结壳的生长与富集特征。研究表明 ,该区结壳自古近纪开始生长 ,生长速率变化范围为 1.5～ 12 .3mm/Ma,速率相差近一个数量级 ,平均生长速率为 3.81m m/Ma;生长过程中成矿元素的地球化学行为呈现明显差异 ;环境发生“骤变”的 O/M界面 ,可能是结壳生长过程中其构造和色泽发生“突变”的一个重要年代 ;成矿元素成分的时序演化主要受控于海水化学和各种不同地质作用的综合影响 ,成矿与非成矿地质作用在生长过程中呈现为互为消长的特征。研究发现 ,该区结壳和太平洋深海粘土元素的分配系数间存在着显著的线性相关关系 ,相关系数为 0 .89,显示它们有相近的元素富集机理。此外 ,笔者还从元素的滞留时间、阳离子的电子键能及其在海水中的水解行为与结壳富集特征间的关系进行了探讨。     

黑龙江省东部饶河杂岩的就位时代与东北东部中生代构造演化

黑龙江省东部饶河杂岩由含放射虫深海沉积岩以及镁铁质的熔岩和侵入岩组成,并被视为大洋壳的残片。该杂岩被晚期蛤蚂河和太平村花岗岩侵入。锆石U-Pb年龄结果表明,上述两花岗岩岩体均形成于早白垩世,其中蛤蚂河岩体形成于131、124和～115Ma三个阶段,太平村岩体形成于111～114Ma左右。饶河杂岩中辉长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为166±1Ma,深海沉积岩中最晚出现的放射虫的时代为160～150Ma,显示饶河杂岩的就位应发生在150～131Ma的晚侏罗世—早白垩世,古地磁资料显示本区自晚三叠世—侏罗纪有明显的从低纬度向高纬度的北移现象：从而表明在晚侏罗世—早白垩世及以前该区存在太平洋板块的俯冲-走滑作用。岩石学研究显示,两花岗岩岩体中均存在岩浆结晶成因的堇青石,并具有过铝质花岗岩的特点,为典型的来源于沉积岩部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩。Hf同位素测定发现,这些花岗岩中的锆石具有较高的~(176) Hf/~(177)Hf同位素比值和较正的ε_(Hf)(t)值,以长英质地壳为源岩的Hf同位素模式年龄为500～780Ma,说明其源岩应为新元古代—显生宙新增生的地壳物质,从而反映在晚侏罗世—早白垩世以前本区曾发生过显著的地壳抬升与风化剥蚀。     

新矿物:罗布莎矿

最近在西藏罗布莎村豆荚状铬铁矿石中发现一个由70~80种矿物组成的地幔矿物群,其中包括新矿物罗布莎矿,还有金刚石、柯石英、碳硅石、方铁矿、以及Fe-Si相矿物。所有这些矿物都是从豆荚铬铁矿石的人工大样中经选矿后得到的。罗布莎矿作为主矿物而含有自然硅和fersilicite[FeSi]的包裹体或呈交生体与自然硅共生。罗布莎矿呈不规则粒状,粒径0.1~0.2mm,由细粒聚合体组成,呈钢灰色,金属光泽,不透明。以Si为基础实验分子式为Fe0.83Si2。X-射线分析资料斜方晶系,空间群Cmca,a=9.874(14)A。,b=7.784(5)A。,c=7.829(7)A。,V=601.7(9)A。3,Z=16。罗布莎矿已为国际新矿物和矿物命名委员会批准,样品保存在中国地质博物馆。     

天山东段晚中生代—新生代隆升沉积响应、年代学与演化研究

天山晚白垩世—新生代沉积序列中发育K2／K1、N1／E3以及Q2／Q1 3个重要不整合面，它们作为重要的界面并结合沉积相序组合的发育，共划分出TC-0至TC-7等8个向上变粗、变浅的巨型沉积层序；砂岩碎屑模型分析表明，南、北天山物源构造属性有别，分别来自南北侧再旋回造山带或切割—未切割岩浆弧；砂岩组分和重矿物组合显示渐新世—早中新世间物源区曾发生过明显的改变，耦合于天山造山带沉积-构造演化；造山带内批量磷灰石裂变径迹年龄呈现出频率较高的几个年龄组段，即频率48．84％的24．74Ma、频率27．91％的15．98Ma和频率11．63％的45．22Ma，从而确定了天山初始隆升及其后的几个主要隆升阶段的时限，即白垩纪末期—始新世(65．6～45．22～32．60Ma)的初始隆升以及24．74～15．98Ma、小于6．7Ma大于0．73Ma和小于0．73Ma等至少4个隆升时期；造山带隆升的年龄数据除部分和地层中磨拉石建造发育的年代基本吻合外，大多磨拉石建造年代增新约8～1Ma，反应了天山造山带边缘盆地内沉积层序发育和造山带形成演化间的耦合—滞后关系；天山最初的隆升时限为晚白垩世，渐新世末期北缘较南缘先期发育，同时北缘西段较东段表现强烈，上新世—早更新世时期隆升才向土哈盆地和天山南缘迁移发展。