作为热机的自然对流:CAPE理论

在许多行星上,不断有热量供给地面,且热量也不断通过大气向太空发出红外辐射.由于在高压区是热源不是热汇,因此,该系统能够做机械功.大气对流是可以在此系统中运转的自然热机.基于这种热机结构,提出了一个大气对流的简单理论,预报在统计平衡状态下干、湿对流的浮力、垂直速度及其覆盖区域.在对流热机一次循环期间,来自地面层(热源,热区)的热,其中一部分被报废到空间自由对流层(热汇,冷区),并从那里辐射到太空.其余部分变为机械功.此机械功用于克服机械耗散维持对流运动上.最终,机械能耗尽,转变成热能.消耗掉的部分能量被辐射到太空,而其余的通过对流气块进入再循环.在温度较低能量消耗部分降低的情况下,温度较高能量消耗部分增加,提高了对流热机的视效率.对流热机所做的功对气柱积分,给出了存在于行星大气中克服粘性耗散、维持对流运动的对流有效位能(CAPE)统计平衡量的大小.此积分被认为是准平衡条件下行星状态的一个全球性数字.对于地球目前的气候,热机结构预报热带地区CAPE值的大小为1000 J·kg-1,该预报值与观测值一致.从结果也可得出,存在于对流大气的CAPE总量应随着全球地表温度的升高(或大气对红外辐射的暗度)的增大而增大.     

YANSHANIAN AND HIMALAYAN EVOLUTION OF THE WESTERN TARIM AREA(XINJIANG CHINA):FROM THE JURASSIC TROUGH UP TO THE NEOGENE AND QUATERNARY FLEXURAL BASIN

YANSHANIAN AND HIMALAYAN EVOLUTION OF THE WESTERN TARIM AREA(XINJIANG CHINA):FROM THE JURASSIC TROUGH UP TO THE NEOGENE AND QUATERNARY FLEXURAL BASINtheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No ..4982 5 10 2 )     

Late Cenozoic Tectonics Along the Northwestern Margin of the Tarim Basin: Interactions Between the Tarim Basin and the Southern Tian Shan, West China

LATE CENOZOIC TECTONICS ALONG THE NORTHWESTERN MARGIN OF THE TARIM BASIN: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE TARIM BASIN AND THE SOUTHERN TIAN SHAN, WEST CHINAgrants 4 98340 50and 4 9732 0 90fromtheNSFofChina;;andproject96 913 0 7 0 1fromtheMinistryofSci enceandTechnology ,China…     

EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMS IN SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES

1 INTRODUCTIONFrom 1989 to 1993, as project managers of the UNDP/UNESCO project entitled Regional TrainingProgramme on Erosion and Sedimentation for Asia, the writers had the privilege of meeting manyoutstanding hydraulic engineers of this region and came to learn of some important erosion andsedimentation problems thereof. Some issues as noted by the writers are presented in the followingalong the some comments. These issues are mainly concerned with rivers. It should be stated tha…     

Mechanism and Modes of Microbial Minerogenesis of Polymetallic Nodules on the Ocean Floor

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the relations of the occurrence of polymetallic nodules with the geochemical actions of microbes in the seawater, pore water and sediments at the bottom of the eastern Pacific Ocean basin. Emphasis is laid on the relations of the activity intensity and biochemical transformation rate of aerobic bacteria (iron bacteria, Thiobacillus thioparus, halobacteria and manganese-oxidizing bacteria) and anaerobic bacteria (sulphate-reducing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, Thiobacillus denitrificans) with mineralization. The experimental research on the migration and accumulation of ore-forming elements caused by microbial and chemical actions shows that the microbes have changed the conditions of oxidation and reduction in the system, and their effect on the element precipitation is much stronger than the chemical actions and accelerates the enrichment of Fe and Mn. It demonstrates that the microbes can change the environment to promote the accumulation of ore-formin     

国家地震局地震研究所研制的数字地震仪在日测试获得成功

国家地震局地震研究所研制的数字地震仪在日测试获得成功应日本东京大学和日本明石技术公司邀请，国家地震局地震研究所超宽频带数字地震仪研制负责人蔡亚先副研究员于１９９５年１０月１８日携仪器赴日本东京大学，对我国研制的数字地震仪进行测试。地震研究所与日本东京...