通过高分辨率地形数据解析圣安德烈斯断层带的构造地貌：以乔莱姆段为例

断层带上的高分辨率地形数据对描绘新近地表破裂具有非常重要的辅助作用。圣安德烈斯断层（sAF）中南部的乔莱姆段南15kin长的范围内保存着许多非常好的构造地貌现象,如阶地、槽谷、陡坎和线性山脊,这些都表明了地震的多次重复发生。近期获得的整个圣安德烈斯断层南段的LiDAR（Light Detectionand Range）地形数据（“B4”计划）的拍摄密度为3～4m。通过计算LiDAR反射数据,使用反距离权重插值计算（Inverse Distance Weighting,IDW）的局部面元组合方法（LocalBinning）来获得0．25～0．5m分辨率、0．8m或者更大查找半径的数字高程模型（DEM）。通过该数字高程模型对构造地貌的解译足以对古地震场地进行评估。仅使用LiDAR数据对新近地表破裂进行填图的结果与航片解译方法和野外调查所得到的结果具有很好的一致性。整个圣安德烈斯断层的宽度从数米到近lkm不等,且由许多长度为数米到数千米的雁列、叠瓦状的近平行的断裂组成。这些断裂所围限的运动块体运动方向各不相同,但它们的延伸方向与圣安德烈斯断层近于平行。对“活动的”的定义和地表次级断裂的重要性不同认识,影响着最终填图结果中断层的宽度和复杂性。     

Holocene temperature variations at a high-altitude site in the Eastern Alps: a chironomid record from Schwarzsee ob Sölden, Austria

Few well-dated, quantitative Holocene temperature reconstructions exist from high-altitude sites in the Central Eastern Alps. Here, we present a chironomid-based quantitative reconstruction of mean July air temperatures (T_July) throughout the Holocene for a remote high-mountain lake, Schwarzsee ob Sölden, situated above the treeline at 2796 m a.s.l. in the Austrian Alps. Applying a chironomid-temperature inference model developed from lakes of the Alpine region to a high-resolution chironomid record from the lake provides evidence for early Holocene (ca 10000–8600 cal yr BP) T_July of up to 8.5 °C, i.e. >4 °C above the modern (1977–2006) mean July temperature. The reconstruction reveals the so-called ‘8.2-ka cold event’ centered at ca 8250–8000 cal yr BP with temperatures ca 3 °C below the early-Holocene thermal maximum. Rather warm (ca 6 °C) and productive conditions prevailed during ca 7900–4500 cal yr BP. The chironomid record suggests a climate transition between ca 5200 and 4500 cal yr BP to cooler T_July. A distinct cooling trend is evident from ca 4500 until ca 2500 cal yr BP. Thereafter, the study site experienced its coldest conditions (around 4 °C or less) throughout the rest of the Holocene, with the exception of the warming trend during the late 20th century. Beside other factors, the Northern Hemisphere summer insolation seems to be the major driving force for the long-term trends in T_July at high altitudes in the Eastern Alps. Due to the extreme location of the lake and the limited temperature range represented by the applied calibration data set, the chironomid-based temperature reconstruction fails to track phases of the late-Holocene climatic history with T_July cooler than 4 °C. Further chironomid-based palaeoclimate model and down-core studies are required to address this problem, provide more realistic T_July estimates from undisturbed high-altitude lakes in the Alps, and extract a reliable regional temperature signal.     

Trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in feathers of Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophrys attending the Patagonian Shelf

We investigated the concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead and zinc among feather tissues in sexes of Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophrys killed in longliners off Argentina in 2005. We found no different metal concentration with sex for cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc in feathers of adult birds, though there were significant body-size differences between sexes. However, the concentrations of trace metals differed significantly among the type of feather within individual bird. The mean concentrations of copper, iron, and zinc in breast feathers of T.?melanophrys were lower than those reported for the species from Georgias del Sur/South Georgia, the southern Indian Ocean and for other seabirds' worldwide. While cadmium fall within the known range of concentrations for bird feathers lead were not. Our results may be indicating that level of pollution in Patagonia may not be as negligible as previously thought at least for some trace metals.     

Geochemical Characteristics and Tectonic Setting of the Laohushan Basalts, North Qilian Mountains

The Ordovician Laohushan ophiolite, located in the eastern part of the North Qilian Mountains, is mainly composed of meta-peridotites, gabbros and basalts alternating with sediments. The sediments are mainly turbidites, including sandstones, siltstones, cherts etc. Major elements show that the basalts are subalkaline tholeiites and may be analogous to ocean-floor basalts. Except a few N-MORBs, most of the basalts are E-MORBs as indicated by incompatible element ratios such as (La/Ce)N, La/Sm, Ce/Zr, Zr/Y and Zr/Nb. Negative Nb anomaly is common but negative Zr, Hf and Ti anomalies are quite rare. Based on the geochemical characteristics, it is suggested that the Laohushan basalts were formed in a back-arc basin. εNd (t) of the basalts ranges between +3.0 and +8.9 and (87Sr/86Sr), ranges between 0.7030 and 0.7060, indicating a depleted mantle source which was mixed with more or less enriched mantle components. Furthermore, the petrography of the sandstones and geochemistry of the cherts suggest that the     

阿那巴尔地盾(西伯利亚北部)太古宙变质沉积岩的相和地球化学

具有50,000km~2面积的阿那巴尔地质主要由年龄为2.7Ga(Rcsen,1986)的麻粒岩、紫苏辉石斜长石片麻岩(紫苏花岗闪长质)和二辉斜长片岩(变质基性岩)组成。在这个序列的上部变质沉积岩占优势,石榴石片麻岩(变质硬砂岩,Rcsen,Dimroth,1982)和变质碳酸盐岩,它们组成分布在两个分离相带上的Khaptschan岩系,即东部带和西部带。变质岩层厚度的变化由最初的几米到200米(变质碳酸盐岩)和从几米变为1500米(石榴石片麻岩)。部分层序与最厚的变质碳酸岩层有关,该岩系的常见厚度为近于5000米。平均的地球化学数据表示在图1中,同位素比率的变化列在表中。造岩元素和微量元素的分布型式允许推断石榴石片麻岩和变质碳酸岩是沉积成因的,而同位素数据指示     

元古代碰撞的太古代硅铝质板块:西伯利亚北部阿那巴尔地盾的地球化学效应

近于东经71°和北纬110°,分布范围为500,00km~2的阿那巴尔地盾是西伯利亚地台结晶基底的北部窗口。地盾被缓倾斜的晚前寒武纪和早古生代的陆源岩石所包围。其最下部层序标志着结晶杂岩的构造活动结束。由海绿石的K-Ar法测定其年龄为1.6Ga以前。地盾由两套变质杂岩组成,太古代麻粒岩相变质的阿那巴尔杂岩占4/5的面积,而元古代角闪岩相的Iamujka杂岩仅占1/5。对于阿那巴尔杂岩的时代确定,锆石U-Pb不一致曲线指示其母岩形成于3.2Ga以前,麻粒岩的变质作用发生在2.7Ga,而Iamujka杂岩产生,角闪岩的变质作用发生在1.9Ga以前(Bibikova e.a.,1987)。阿那巴尔杂岩主要为紫苏斜长片麻岩(紫苏花岗闪长岩),其次为二辉石片岩(变     

米提贾平原地下水中硝酸盐污染物演化的研究

米提贾平原是阿尔及利亚北部的一个大平原,其面积大约为1300km~2,坡度很缓,小于2％。米提贾盆地包括第三纪和第四纪沉积物。该盆地由两个主要含水层构成:Astian含水层和米提贾含水层(一个冲积含水层)。这两个含水层在全区,除东部外,被EL-Harrach不透水泥灰岩地层隔开,在平原最低部位的EL-Harrach和Maza     

用牙轮钻头-喷射法钻进

“红霍尔姆斯克地质”生产联合体在复杂地层进行勘探钻进,作业区岩层一类为含微晶石英岩的10—12级碳化—硅质页岩(占80%左右);另一类为含石英斑岩的7—9级千枚片岩.其共同特点是强裂隙、高