欧洲绝对重力仪比对观测(ECGS'07)

介绍了2007年11月在欧洲卢森堡Walferdange举办的第二次绝对重力比对观测的概况及结果.有20台绝对重力仪参加了比对观测,在ECGS共15个测点上的比测结果标准偏差小于2.1×10~(-8)m·s~(-2).文章简述了数据处理方法以及结果分析,中国地震局地震研究所引进的FG5/232绝对重力仪参加了本次比对,为在中国大陆建立绝对重力基准提供了重要经验.     

Inorganic and methylmercury: do they transfer along a tropical coastal food web?

Methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury (Hg_inorg) were evaluated in the water of a Brazilian estuary, with two size classes of plankton and seven fish species of different feeding habits. Water partition coefficients (PCs) in microplankton were fourfold higher for MeHg than for Hg_inorg; and water PCs in mesoplankton were 26 times higher for MeHg than Hg_inorg. Difference between microplankton and mesoplankton MeHg bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was higher (0.60 log units) than Hg_inorg BAF (0.24 log units), indicating that trophic transfer of MeHg between planktonic organisms is more efficient than Hg_inorg transference. MeHg concentrations, proportion of mercury as MeHg and its biotransference factors (BTFs) in the microplankton, mesoplankton and fish increased with increasing trophic level while biotic concentrations of Hg_inorg and proportion of mercury as Hg_inorg decreased thus indicating that MeHg was indeed the biomagnified species of mercury. MeHg reflected the vertical trophic guilds distribution, due to the fact that the top predator fish presented the highest concentration (0.77 μg g⁻¹ d.w.), followed by the less voracious species (0.43 μg g⁻¹ d.w.); while planktivorous fish presented the lowest concentrations (0.044 μg g⁻¹ d.w.). Hg_inorg did not present the same behavior. Results suggest that feeding habits and trophic guild are important parameters, influencing biotransference and biomagnification processes.     

石英原料在太阳能产业及其他高科技工业中的应用前景——以哈萨克斯坦和埃及为例(英文)

人类开发应用石英具有悠久的历史:早在石器时代,人类就曾将石英作为装饰品、工具、法器、武器、日用品等应用;在工业时代,石英主要作为玻璃原料及冶金熔剂使用;当代,石英广泛应用于许多工业和高科技领域。近年来,石英作为可再生能源及其它高科技领域用的材料,特别是以石英为原料制备多晶硅及单晶硅作为微电子学材料及太阳能利用材料方面展示了广阔的前景。但这个领域对石英纯度的要求很高,通过传统的提纯和晶体生长技术将石英转化为硅很不经济,因为传统方法大量使用氯、氯化氢及四氯化硅对环境有负面影响。而开发闭路循环技术系统或使用高纯度石英原料是解决这个问题的重要途径,前者取决于化学冶金技术水平,而后者则取决于矿产地质。因此,高纯度石英的找矿评价及工业硅的提纯是大力发展太阳能产业的重要途径。目前,以石英为原料进行高纯半导体材料和微电子材料等的合成在有些国家已经大规模工业化,并形成产业,如太阳能产业和高科技工业。据预测,在2010至2012年间,高纯石英原料将会短缺且竞争激烈。根据发达国家的实践经验,在哈萨克斯坦建立用于太阳能和其它高科技工业的高纯石英基地具有重要的理论和现实意义。哈萨克斯坦高纯石英资源丰富,在哈萨克斯坦中部,变质成因的石英脉及交代型的石英岩很普通,在东部、中部、南部和西部,石英结晶花岗岩则很多,水晶矿床则主要集中在哈萨克斯坦的西南地区,花岗岩侵入体的水晶矿以及粒状石英脉几乎在哈萨克斯坦到处都有分布,结晶花岗岩则分布在哈萨克斯坦北部和南部地区,但是该国针对高纯石英的工业化研究与应用则很少。埃及的石英原料也很丰富,主要矿床位于该国中部和东南部地区,工业化研究与应用也很少。建议这两个国家将高纯石英原料作为太阳能产业及其它高科技产业发展的重点研究领域。     

长江口水域悬沙浓度时空变化与泥沙再悬浮

A detailed analysis of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) variations over a year period is presented using the data from 8 stations in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent waters, together with a discussion of the hydrodynamic regimes of the estuary. Spatially, the SSC from Xuliujing downwards to Hangzhou Bay increases almost constantly, and the suspended sediment in the inner estuary shows higher concentration in summer than in winter, while in the outer estuary it shows higher concentration in winter than in summer, and the magnitude is greater in the outer estuary than in the inner estuary, greater in the Hangzhou Bay than in the Yangtze River estuary. The sediments discharged by the Yangtze River into the sea are resuspended by marine dynamics included tidal currents and wind waves. Temporally, the SSC shows a pronounced neap-spring tidal cycle and seasonal variations. Furthermore, through the analysis of dynamic mechanism, it is concluded that wave and tidal current are two predominant factors of sediment resuspension and control the distribution and changes of SSC, in which tidal currents control neap-spring tidal cycles, and wind waves control seasonal variations. The ratio between river discharge and marine dynamics controls soatial distribution of SSC.     

Water characterization in three industrialized harbours (Vigo, Bilbao and Pasajes) in north coast of Spain

Total dissolved Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations, speciation, fluorescence of organic matter and toxicity for sea urchin development have been studied during three years in water samples of three of the most industrialized harbours in North Coast of Spain: Vigo, Bilbao and Pasajes. Total metal concentrations were below 0.4 nM for Cd and generally below 2 nM for Pb. Zn and Cu levels were higher (2.8-9 nM Cu and 15-234 nM Zn) and denoted an anthropogenic enrichment. Ligand concentrations were usually between 50 and 200 nM for Cu and between 6 and 80 for Pb and Zn. Organic matter and speciation analysis yielded complementary information to characterize the samples, but no correlation was present between the parameters calculated by both methods. Samples were tested for toxicity with sea urchin embryo bioassay and three samples were toxic but the toxicity could not be explained with the metal levels here measured.     

Polycyclic aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons pollution at the coast of Aliağa (Turkey) ship recycling zone

Alia?a Bay is one of the most important maritime zones of Turkey where shipping activity, shipbreaking industry, steel works and petrochemical complexes exist together. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediment of the Alia?a Bay were investigated to evaluate an environmental risk assessment from PAHs contamination in 2009-2010. Aliphatic and PAHs diagnostic ratios were showed to be mainly petroleum-originated and pyrolitic contaminations, respectively. The TEL/PEL analysis suggests that Alia?a sediments were likely to be contaminated by acutely toxic PAH compounds.     

Uncertainty analysis along the ecological quality status of water bodies: the response of the Posidonia oceanica multivariate index (POMI) in three Mediterranean regions

Uncertainty analyses allow the identification and quantification of the factors that contribute to the potential misclassification of the ecological status of water bodies, helping to improve the sampling design used in monitoring. Here we used a Posidonia oceanica multivariate index (POMI) bio-monitoring dataset covering a total of 81 sites distributed throughout 28 water bodies from the coast of Catalonia, Balearic Islands and Croatia to determine the levels of uncertainty associated with each region and how they change according to the quality status of water bodies. Overall, variability among sites (meadows) within water bodies was the factor that generated the greatest risk of misclassification among the three regions, within which the Balearic Islands had the lowest uncertainty, followed by Croatia and Catalonia. When water bodies classified in good/high quality were separated from those in moderate/poor status classes, we found that the latter displayed higher levels of uncertainty than the former.     

Long-term monitoring of fish farms: application of Nematode/Copepod index to oligotrophic conditions

Interannual variability (2003-2008) of meiofaunal assemblages were analyzed in sediments beneath fish cages (Impact group) and in areas not affected by aquaculture activities (Control group). Organisms responded with spatial and seasonal variation in meiofauna assemblages, with an abrupt increase of abundances in locations beneath fish cages throughout the study period. This increase was greater during the last sampling year (2008) and mainly due to high abundances of nematodes. Univariate analyses showed differences between control and impacted sites at both sites, however, only significant variations were found in Los Gigantes, which are consistent with seasonal meiofauna variations throughout the study period. These results are partially explained by differences in current velocity between both sampling areas. The Ne/Co index showed the same trend and it seems to be a reliable index in sediment slightly affected by aquaculture wastes. This index is especially recommended in oligotrophic areas (e.g. Canary Islands) where meiofaunal assemblages are poorly represented in terms of abundances.     

Environmental geochemistry:Introduction

Assessing the physical,geographic,chemical,and geological aspects are important to understand environmental impacts as well as health concerns in view of building a more sustainable planet with circular economies that would last for the foreseeable future.In the recent years,the significance of incorporating ecosystem,anthropogenic activities,and climate has fortified from being an academic concern(e.g.,WEF,2011)into a broadly societal concern as the forecasted realities of environmental deterioration and global climate change come to pass.     

阿拉木图和乌鲁木齐试验场地磁变化对比分析

对1990～2005年期间哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图试验场和中国新疆乌鲁木齐试验场的连续地磁观测资料进行了对比分析,重点选择库尔特、图尔根、喀什和乌鲁木齐地震台站的地磁观测资料.分析了北天山中部、南部和东部地区地磁场变化的长期、季节、短期和局部分量的表现特征.