Statistics of breaking waves and its applications to estimation of air-sea fluxes (Ⅰ)——Theoretical models

Wave breaking statistics, such as the whitecap coverage and average volume of broken seawater, are evaluated in terms of wave parameters by use of wave breaking model (Yuan et al., 1988) taking the fifth order Stokes's wave as the analog of the original wave field. Based on the observed fact that breaking waves play an important role in the exchange of mass, momentum and energy between the atmosphere and the ocean, the influence of wave breaking on air-sea fluxes of heat and moisture is investigated. Theoretical expressions of bubble-volume flux and sea spray spectrum at the sea surface and models for bubble-induced and spray droplet-induced heat and moisture fluxes are established. This work can be taken as the basis for further understanding the mechanism of air-sea coupling and parameterization models.     

Perturbed solution of sea-air oscillator for the El Nino/ La Nina-Southern Oscillation mechanism

A class of coupled system of the El Nino/La Nina-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) mechanism is studied. Using the perturbed theory, the asymptotic expansions of the solution for ENSO model are obtained and the asymptotic behavior of solution for corresponding problem is considered.     

中国区域土壤水蚀碳量空间分布及其时间动态

本文利用三次全国土壤侵蚀遥感普查数据和第二次土壤普查土壤有机碳和无机碳密度数据,分析了我国土壤水蚀碳量的空间分布及其时间动态。研究结果表明：我国土壤水蚀碳量为74.61Tg C y^-1,其中有机碳量51.49Tg C y^-1,无机碳量23.12Tg C y^-1。在七大水土流失区中,水蚀有机碳量最多的是西南岩溶区,占总水蚀有机碳量的26.48%;水蚀无机碳量最多的是黄土高原区,占总水蚀无机碳量的67.62%。前者以中度水蚀为主,后者以极强度和强度水蚀为主。80年代中期至90年代中期,我国土壤水蚀碳量共减少了11.66Tg C y^-1,以有机碳迁移量减少为主,占总减少量的81.93%;90年代中期至21世纪初,土壤水蚀碳量依然呈下降趋势,共减少了1.65Tg C y^-1,其中,有机碳迁移量减少了1.514Tg C y^-1,无机碳迁移量减少了0.134Tg C y^-1。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF EFFECTS OF LAND SURFACE PROCESSES ON CLIMATE——IMPLEMENTING OF SSiB IN IAP/LASG AGCM AND ITS PERFORMANCE

This is an investigation of exchanges of energy and water between the atmosphere and thevegetated continents,and the impact of and mechanisms for land surface-atmosphere interactionson hydrological cycle and general circulation by implementing the Simplified Simple Biosphere(SSiB)model in a modified version of IAP/LASG global spectral general model(L9R15 AGCM).This study reveals that the SSiB model produces a better partitioning of the land surface heat andmoisture fluxes and its diurnal variations,and also gives the transport of energy and water amongatmosphere,vegetation and soil explicitly and realistically.Thus the coupled SSiB-AGCM runslead to the more conspicuous improvement in the simulated circulation,precipitation,mean watervapor content and its transport.particularly in the Asian monsoon region in the real world thanCTL-AGCM runs.It is also pointed out that both the implementation of land surfaceparameterizations and the variations in land surface into the GOALS model have greatly improvedhydrological balance over continents and have a significant impact on the simulated climate.particularly over the massive continents.Improved precipitation recycling model was employed to verify the mechanisms for landsurface hydrology parameterizations on hydrological cycle and precipitation climatology in AGCM.It can be argued that the recycling precipitation rate is significantly reduced,particularly in the aridand semi-arid region of the boreal summer hemisphere,coincident with remarkable reduction inevapotranspiration over the continental area.Therefore the coupled SSiB-AGCM runs reduce thebias of too much precipitation over land surface in most AGCMs,thereby bringing the simulatedprecipitation closer to observations in many continental regions of the world than CTL-AGCMruns.     

CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT

An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV)equation was deduced from a completeset of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heat-ing and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the de-velopment of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework ofmoist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,orconvergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analy-sis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According tothis theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,or convective stable orunstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind ormoist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surfaceis slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the develop-ment of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist airto the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region mostfavorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of theChangjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially theisobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,iseffective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low lati-tudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction oftorrential rain.     

热带西太平洋对风应力的斜压响应

发展了一个线性热带西太平洋两层模式,分别为混合层和温跃层,其密度、温度各不相同.利用这一模式分析了热带西太平洋对纬圈风应力的响应,求出西边界的解,以及解析地求得热带西太平洋温跃层厚度、洋流及海温分布.结果表明,热带西太平洋物理量的变异在El Nino/La Nina事件中起着重要作用,在温跃层中海温变化的振幅明显大于混合层,这从理论上支持了近年来的观测事实.     

北半球环流指数的某些特征

通过对实际资料的分析,作者发现,在0—70°N 地区北半球500mb 气候平均位势高度沿纬圈的平均值,不论冬夏,都可以很准确地用四参数来表示,其误差小于10位势米.对用三参数和二参数表示的情况也作了此较.最后还用三参数计算了逐月的气候平均情况和个别月份逐日的情况,并指出了某些特征.     

用球函数展开北半球地形的计算

通过计算,如取m≤36,n—m≤20,北半球地形一般可以相当精确地用球函数来表示.计算表明,除高纬度地区外,地形高度沿纬圈平均的相对误差都在0.33%以下.在计算过程中,作者还给出了检查错误的公式.对计算结果也进行了讨论.