Bemerkungen zu W. Dammann „Untersuchung über Schwankungen der Winterniederschläge in Deutschland”

Zusammenfassung An der Methode wird die physikalische Unwirklichkeit der Zusammenfassung der Monate Januar, Februar, März und November und Dezember des gleichen Kalenderjahres als Winter und die Unterdrückung wesentlicher Zusammenhänge mit dem Sonnenfleckenzyklus durch Bildung übergreifender Fünfjahresmittel bemängelt. Hinsichtlich des Ergebnisses wird die behauptete Ähnlichkeit der erhaltenen Kurven mit der Sonnenfleckenwelle widerlegt.

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Summary It is shown that the practice to define the months of January, February, March and November, December of the same calendar year as winter is not justifiable, from a physical point of view. By using running 5-yearly means important relations to the cycle of sun-spots are suppressed. A proposed similarity of the curves obtained byDammann with the solar cycle is disproved.

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Résumé L'auteur montre que l'hiver défini par la période de janvier à mars et de novembre à decembre de la même année est une irréalité physique et que l'emploi de la moyenne mobile de cinq ans masque le cycle des taches solaires; les courbes obtenues parDammann ne correspondent pas rythme des taches.

     

Alters- und Höhengliederung der Karren in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen

Clints are corrasional features with rock inclined to develop karstic forms which originated by the directed run-off of flowing water. The most typical and far spread features occur in the Northern Calcareous Alps where they are marked by their optimum distribution within the former glaciated areas. With few exceptions, the clints occurring in the Alps are recent. Their age can be established as Late- to Post-Glacial. On the whole the karstic features extend from the highest summits deep down into the valleys but a zone of most extensive distribution occurs between 1900–2000 m and 1200–1300 m. The upper limit is controlled by mechanical weathering, the lower limit by the variation of the conditions of run-off below the soil and vegetation cover. As to ecology the total clint zone can be divided into two areas:

1. The zone of free development of the karst (sharp edged features) and
2. The zone of subcutaneous karst development (rounded features).

With the formation of the clints the rock acts as modifying factor, but the real forming is controlled only by free run-off conditions.     

Spuren auffallend junger Gebirgsbewegungen in den Karawanken

Zusammenfassung In den Karawanken, die man als jüngstes Gebirge der Ostalpen bezeichnen darf, beobachtet man Hangbrekzien beträchtlichen Ausma\es, deren Absatz unter den heutigen Geländeverhältnissen kaum zu erklären ist. Sie werden einzeln beschrieben und versuchsweise in die Mindel-Ri\-Zwischeneiszeit gestellt.Die Annahme jüngster Verstellungen erleichtert die Erklärung der sonderbaren Lage der Hangbrekzien. Das Gebirge scheint seit jenem Interglazial wesentlich höher geworden zu sein; hierbei spielt der Vorschub gegen Norden eine Rolle.     

Die Eisverhältnisse des Winters 1952/53 an den deutschen Küsten zwischen Ems und Trave

Zusammenfassung Der Winter 1952/53 war an den deutschen Küsten ein mä\iger Eiswinter. Innerhalb der Winter von 1896/97 bis 1952/53 nimmt er nach seinem Eisausma\ gerade den Zentralwert ein. Während des Winters war die méridionale Luftzirkulation vorherrschend, aber auch der Anteil der zonalen Zirkulation war nicht gering. Unter den Gro\wetterlagen überwogen das abgeschlossene Hoch über Mitteleuropa und die Hochdruckbrücke über Mitteleuropa. Der Winter hatte vier Eisperioden, von denen die zweite nur andeutungsweise auftrat, während die letzte das meiste Eis brachte.

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Ice conditions on the German coasts between the rivers Ems and Trave during the winter 1952/53

Summary The winter 1952/53 on the German coasts was a moderate ice winter. Because of the extent of its ice formation it occupies the central value among the winters from 1896/97 up to 1952/53. During this winter, meridional atmospheric circulation predominated, though the part that fell to zonal circulation was not inconsiderable either. Among the large scale weather situations, the closed high pressure area and the ridge of high pressure over Central Europe were preponderant. There were four periods of ice formation of which the second period was but very insignificant, while the greatest ice production was observed during the last cold period.

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Rapport sur les conditions des glaces sur les cÔtes allemandes entre l'Ems et le Trave pendant l'hiver 1952/53

Résumé L'hiver 1952/53 sur les cÔtes allemandes montrait un caractère modéré. Parmi les hivers de la période de 1896/97 jusqu'à 1952/53 il occupe justement la valeur centrale à cause de la grandeur de sa production des glaces. Pendant cet hiver, la circulation atmosphérique méridionale prédominait, mais la part de la circulation zonale n'était pas petite non plus. Parmi les situations météorologiques générales, l'aire concentrée de haute pression et la dorsale de haute pression au dessus de l'Europe Central étaient prépondérantes. Il y avait quatre périodes des glaces pendant cet hiver; au cours da la seconde période la production des glaces était insignifiicante tandis que la dernière période était caractérisée par la plus forte formation des glaces.

     

Daily Weather Observations in Sixteenth-Century Europe

Thirty-two weather diaries written in astronomical calendars in central Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are presented and discussed. Systematic weather observations were promoted by the rise of planetary astronomy and its application in astro-meteorology. The practice of keeping weather diaries spread from Cracow (Poland) to Ingolstadt (Germany) and from there to other universities. The data obtained from these sources provided the backbone for setting up series of precipitation indices for Poland, Germany and Switzerland. Monthly statistics of days with precipitation, snowfall and frost were computed by counting the relevant entries in the most important diaries. The results were compared with either those obtained from instrumental measurements in the same place or with those from modern instrumental measurements in a neighbouring place. The final results show that autumn was considerably colder in the early sixteenth century. April was considerably drier and July was wetter during the period 1508-1531 than during 1901-1960. In order to highlight the impact of weather patterns on grain prices in a year of crisis, the timing of wet and dry spells in southern Poland and southern Germany is compared for the year 1529. Winters became 1.7°C colder from 1564 to 1576 and the month of July tended to be wetter than in 1901-1960. Details noted in the diaries kept between 1585 and 1600 by the astronomers Brahe (near Copenhagen) and Fabricius (in the Ostfriesland region of northwestern Germany) closely agree. It rained more often in June and July and temperatures dropped. The winter months were more frequently dominated by winds from easterly directions, the frequency of snowfall was higher and a deficit occurred in precipitation. This points to a higher frequency of high pressure in the Fennoscandian area with cold air advection from the east or northeast.     

Calcium isotope fractionation in coccoliths of cultured Calcidiscus leptoporus, Helicosphaera carteri, Syracosphaera pulchra and Umbilicosphaera foliosa

Four species of marine calcifying algae, the coccolithophores Calcidiscus leptoporus, Helicosphaera carteri, Syracosphaera pulchra and Umbilicosphaera foliosa were grown in laboratory cultures under temperatures varying between 14 and 23 °C, and one species, C. leptoporus, under varying [CO₃²⁻], ranging from 105 to 219 μmol/kg. Calcium isotope compositions of the coccoliths resemble in both absolute fractionation and temperature sensitivity previous calibrations of marine calcifying species e.g. Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophores) and Orbulina universa (planktonic foraminifera) as well as inorganically precipitated CaCO₃, but also reveal small species specific differences. In contrast to inorganically precipitated calcite, but similar to E. huxleyi and O. universa, the carbonate ion concentration of the medium has no statistically significant influence on the Ca isotope fractionation of C. leptoporus coccoliths; however, combined data of E. huxleyi and C. leptoporus indicate that the observed trends might be related to changes of the calcite saturation state of the medium. Since coccoliths constitute a significant portion of the global oceanic CaCO₃ export production, the Ca isotope fractionation in these biogenic structures is important for defining the isotopic composition of the Ca sink of the ocean, one of the key parameters for modelling changes to the marine Ca budget over time. For the present ocean our results are in general agreement with the previously postulated and applied mean value of the oceanic Ca sink (Δ_sed) of about − 1.3‰, but the observed inter- and intra-species differences point to possible changes in Δ_sed through earth history, due to changing physico-chemical conditions of the ocean and shifts in floral and faunal assemblages.     

Control of wind strength and frequency in the Aral Sea basin during the late Holocene

Changing content of detrital input in laminated sediments traced by XRF scanning and microfacies analyses reflect prominent variations in sedimentation processes in the Aral Sea. A high-resolution record of titanium from a core retrieved in the northwestern Large Aral Sea allows a continuous reconstruction of wind strength and frequency in western Central Asia for the past 1500 yr. During AD 450–700, AD 1210–1265, AD 1350–1750 and AD 1800–1975, detrital inputs (bearing titanium) are high, documenting an enhanced early spring atmospheric circulation associated with an increase in intensity of the Siberian High pressure system over Central Asia. In contrast, lower titanium content during AD 1750–1800 and AD 1980–1985 reflects a diminished influence of the Siberian High during early spring with a reduced atmospheric circulation. A moderate circulation characterizes the time period AD 700–1150. Unprecedented weakened atmospheric circulation over western Central Asia are inferred during ca. AD 1180–1210 and AD 1265–1310 with a considerable decrease in dust storm frequency, sedimentation rates, lamination thickness and detrital inputs (screened at 40-μm resolution). Our results are concurrent with changes in the intensity of the Siberian High during the past 1400 yr as reported in the GISP2 Ice Core from Greenland.     

On the volcanology of the Gibeon Kimberlite Field, Namibia

Kimberlite volcanism in the Upper Cretaceous Gibeon Kimberlite Field, southern Namibia, consisting of at least 42 diatremes and a number of associated dykes, is closely related to carbonatitic and ultrabasic volcanic and intrusive activity which occurred at the margin of the Field. The volcanology of the diatremes and dykes as well as their structural setting is reported here. Because of the paleohydrogeological setting, and since juvenile kimberlite occurring in dykes, intrusive plugs, and spherical lapilli is devoid of vesicles, a phreatomagmatic eruption mechanism is proposed for the genesis of the kimberlite diatremes. Karoo dolerite, basalt and sediment xenoliths in the diatremes provide evidence for the former extent of Karoo strata at the time of eruption.     

Stenols and stanols in the oxic and anoxic waters of the Black Sea

Water samples collected from a slope station and two deep stations in the western basin of the Black Sea were analyzed for stenols and stanols by glass capillary gas chromatography. These results were used in conjuction with hydrographic, particulate organic carbon, and chlorophyll a data to better understand sterol sources and their transport and transformation mechanisms in anoxic basins.The total free sterol concentrations found in the surface waters were 450–500 ng/l dropping rapidly to values well below 100 ng/l at depths below the $\text{O}{}_2\text{H}{}_2\text{S}$ interface. In the upper 200 m of the water column a strong association of sterols with particulate matter is suggested. Structural elucidation by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer system revealed the presence of at least sixteen different stenols and stanols in the surface waters of the Black Sea. Cholesterol, 24-methylenecholesterol and 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol were the major sterols in the surface waters. Cholesterol and 24-ethylcholesterol both exhibited a subsurface maximum at the $\text{O}{}_2\text{H}{}_2\text{S}$ interface. In the anoxic deep waters (200–2000 m) only cholesterol and 24-ethylcholesterol were found. Two stenols were found that have not been reported in seawater: a C₂₆ stenol with a saturated C₇H₁₅ side chain (presumably 24-norcholesterol) and 24-ketocholesterol. At least six 5α-stanols could be identified in the surface samples, each of them comprising about 10–20% of the concentration of the corresponding Δ5-stenol. From these comparatively high surface values the stanol concentrations drop rapidly to values near zero at the $\text{O}{}_2\text{H}{}_2\text{S}$ interface. Except for very low concentrations of 5α-cholestanol (< 4ng/l) no other stanols could be detected in the anoxic zone.From this data it appears that no detectable stenol → stanol conversion is occurring at the $\text{O}{}_2\text{H}{}_2\text{S}$ interface or in the deep anoxic waters of the Black Sea.     

Die Anomalien der Schwere am Südwest-Rand des Bayerischen Waldes und ihre Interpretation

Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung der Störungssysteme, die im Raum Regensburg—Passau das Kristallin-Gebiet des Vorderen Bayerischen Waldes gegen die Sedimente des Vorlands begrenzen, wurden entlang von neun Profilen senkrecht zum Streichen der tektonischen Linien (Donau-Randbruch, Pockinger Abbruch, Keilberg-Störung) gravimetrische Messungen durchgeführt. Die Gesamtlänge der Profile beträgt 173 km, bei einer Gesamtzahl von 1985 Gravimeter-Meßpunkten, also einem mittleren Punktabstand von 87 m. Für alle Punkte wurden Freiluft- und Bouguer-Anomalie berechnet. Zur Interpretation der Schwere-Anomalien wurden Modelle von zweidimensionalen Störkörpern entworfen, deren berechnete Schwerestörung mit der gemessenen gut übereinstimmt. Dabei wurden Bohrergebnisse mit berücksichtigt und als Randwerte einbezogen.Der Zunahme des Schwere-Unterschieds zwischen Kristallin und Vorland von Nordwesten nach Südosten entspricht dabei eine Zunahme der Sedimentmächtigkeit von etwa 500 m bei Regensburg auf etwa 1600 m südlich von Passau. Die Modellrechnungen ergaben außerdem oberflächennahes Kristallin im südöstlichen Drittel des Untersuchungsgebietes, das sich noch mehrere Kilometer südlich des Anstehenden unter nur geringer Sedimentbedeckung (unter 150 m) befindet. Eindeutig konnte entschieden werden, daß die Südgrenze des Vorderen Bayerischen Waldes als tektonische Abschiebung, meist in Form eines Staffelbruchs, ausgebildet ist und keineswegs Kristallin auf die Sedimente aufgeschoben ist. Südlich von Passau konnte aus den Schwereanomalien eine höhere Dichte des Kristallins abgeleitet werden, die durch dort vorkommenden dichteren Gneis erklärt wird. Magnetische Anomalien in unmittelbarem Zusammenhang mit den tektonischen Störungen konnten nicht beobachtet werden. Obwohl seismische Ereignisse nicht registriert wurden, gibt es einige Hinweise, daß die Bewegungen am Donau-Randbruch noch andauern.

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The marginal faults separating the crystalline region of the Bavarian Forest (Bohemian Massif) in the area between Regensburg and Passau (Southern Germany) from the sediments of the Molasse basin to the south were investigated with gravity measurements along nine profiles perpendicular to the strike of the faults. The total length of the profiles is 173 km with a total number of 1985 gravity points (mean distance 87 m). Free-air (Faye-) and Bouguer anomalies of all stations were calculated. Models of two-dimensional bodies using data from drillings were developed. The increase of the intensity of the gravity anomalies from NW to SE corresponds to an increase of the thickness of the sediments from about 500 m near Regensburg to about 1600 m to the south of Passau. The model calculations moreover showed that the crystalline basement in the south-eastern part of the area extends several kilometers to the south of the outcrops beneath a thin sedimentary layer of less than 150 m. It was possible to show that normal type faults dominate, usually in the form of antithetical steps. An upthrust of the Bavarian Forest onto the Molasse basin could be excluded. South of Passau the gravity anomalies support a higher density of the crystalline rocks which is explained by the denser gneiss outcroping locally there. It was impossible to observe magnetic anomalies directly associated with the faults. Although seismic events could not be registered, there are indications of tectonical movements still continuing at present.

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Résumé Les failles marginales qui séparent dans la région de Regensburg—Passau (Allemagne du Sud) la zone cristalline de la ForÊt Bavaroise (Massif Bohémien) des sédiments du bassin molassique au Sud on été étudiées à l'aide de mesures gravimétriques suivant neuf profils perpendiculaires à la direction des failles. La longueur totale des profils est de 173 km avec 1985 points gravimétriques au total (distance moyenne 87 m). Des anomalies à l'air libre (de Faye) et de Bouguer on été calculées pour toutes les stations. Pour interpréter les anomalies de la gravité, on a développé des modèles de corps à deux dimensions dont les anomalies calculées s'accordent bien avec les anomalies mesurées. Dans ces modèles on a utilisé et intégré des résultats des forages comme valeurs marginales. L'augmentation de l'intensité des anomalies de la gravité du Nord-Ouest vers le Sud-Est correspond à une augmentation d'épaisseur des sédiments d'environ 500 m près de la ville de Regensburg, à environ 1600 m au Sud de la ville de Passau. De plus, les calculs sur modèle on fait apparaÎtre que dans la partie Sud-Est de la région étudiée, le soubassement cristallin couvert d'une mince couche sédimentaire de moins de 150 m se continue de plusieurs kilomètres au Sud des affleurements. On a pu démontrer que des failles antithétiques sont prédominantes, le plus souvent sous forme d'une faille en escalier. Un chevauchement de la ForÊt Bavaroise sur le bassin molassique peut Être exclu. Au Sud de Passau, il a été possible de déduire des anomalies de la gravité une densité plus élevée du cristallin, ce qui s'explique par la densité plus forte des gneiss de cette région. On n'a pas observé d'anomalies magnétiques en rapport direct avec des failles. Bien que des événements sismiques n'aient pas été enregistrés, il y a quelques indicies que les mouvements tectoniques perdurent le long de faille du Danube.

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