Land cover mapping using time series HJ-1/CCD data

It is very difficult to have remote sensing data with both high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency; thus, two categories of land-use mapping methodology have been developed separately for coarser resolution and finer resolution data. The first category uses time series of data to retrieve the variation of land surface for classification, which are usually used for coarser resolution data with high temporal frequency. The second category uses fine spatial resolution data to classify different land surface. With the launch of Chinese satellite constellation HJ-1in 2008, four 30 m spatial resolution CCDs with about 360 km coverage for each one onboard two satellites made a revisit period of two days, which brought a new type of data with both high spatial resolution and high temporal frequency. Therefore, by taking the spatiotemporal advantage of HJ-1/CCD data we propose a new method for finer resolution land cover mapping using the time series HJ-1/CCD data, which can greatly improve the land cover mapping accuracy. In our two study areas, the very high resolution remote sensing data within Google Earth are used to validate the land cover mapping results, which shows a very high mapping accuracy of 95.76% and 83.78% and a high Kappa coefficient of 0.9423 and 0.8165 in the Dahuofang area of Liaoning Province and the Heiquan area of Gansu Province respectively.     

Application of incomplete similarity theory to the estimation of the mean velocity of debris flows

The mean velocity of debris flow is one of the most important parameters in the design of mitigation structures and in quantitative risk analysis. This study develops a model to predict the mean debris flow velocity observed in the field by applying the incomplete similarity argument. An equation for estimating the Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient for debris flows with a volumetric sediment concentration larger than 0.19 is accordingly derived using 128 sets of observation data from nine Chinese gullies, in which both the effect of the volumetric sediment concentration and channel slope on resistance are considered. The derived equation is then verified and compared against five previously published equations by using 61 sets of published observation data from six gullies located in four countries. The applications of the proposed equation are discussed, and the improvements made using the proposed equation are clearly very significant when compared with the previously published equations.     

北京通州某改造区土壤中DDTs和HCHs的地球化学特征及风险评价

选取北京通州环球影城附近某改造区为研究区域,共采集15件表层土壤样品,主要分析了该地区土壤中DDTs和HCHs的空间分布地球化学特征;采集垂向样品,并分析了DDTs和HCHs在土壤垂向剖面中的分布情况。表层土壤样品中大部分的DDTs和HCHs有检出,ΣDDTs的残留量为494~19615 μg·kg-1,ΣHCHs为082~1021 μg·kg-1。土壤垂向剖面分析结果表明,DDTs部分有检出,两剖面中残留量整体随深度变化不明显,但局部出现突变现象;HCHs全部检出,两剖面中残留量整体随着深度增加不断减少。参照国家相关标准对该区土壤环境整体进行评价,初步分析通州区环球影城地区土壤中残留DDTs除个别点符合二级标准外,其余都处于一级标准,残留风险较低;土壤中残留HCHs基本符合一级标准。结合不同异构体之间含量特征及分布,认为该地区局部近期可能存在HCHs输入现象。最后,对该改造区进行了健康风险评价,结果表明该区DDTs和HCHs在致癌风险和部分非致癌风险方面影响较小。     

Adsorption Mechanism and Kinetic Characterization of Bituminous Coal under High Temperatures and Pressures in the Linxing‐Shenfu Area

The majority of coalbed methane(CBM) in coal reservoirs is in adsorption states in coal matrix pores. To reveal the adsorption behavior of bituminous coal under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions and to discuss the microscopic control mechanism affecting the adsorption characteristics, isothermal adsorption experiments under hightemperature and high-pressure conditions, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments and CO2 adsorption experiments were performed on coal samples. Results show that the adsorption capacity of coal is comprehensively controlled by the maximum vitrinite reflectance(Ro, max), as well as temperature and pressure conditions. As the vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption capacity of coal increases. At low pressures, the pressure has a significant effect on the positive effect of adsorption, but the effect of temperature is relatively weak. As the pressure increases, the effect of temperature on the negative effect of adsorption gradually becomes apparent, and the influence of pressure gradually decreases. Considering pore volumes of pores with diameters of 1.7-100 nm, the peak volume of pores with diameters 10-100 nm is higher than that from pores with diameters 1.7-10 nm, especially for pores with diameters of 40-60 nm, indicating that pores with diameters of 10-100 nm are the main contributors to the pore volume. The pore specific surface area shows multiple peaks, and the peak value appears for pore diameters of 2-3 nm, indicating that this pore diameter is the main contributor to the specific surface area. For pore diameters of 0.489-1.083 nm, the pore size distribution is bimodal, with peak values at 0.56-0.62 nm and 0.82-0.88 nm. The adsorption capability of the coal reservoir depends on the development degree of the supermicroporous specific surface area, because the supermicroporous pores are the main contributors to the specific pore area. Additionally, the adsorption space increases as the adsorption equilibrium pressure increases. Under the same pressure, as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases, the adsorption space increases. In addition, the cumulative reduction in the surface free energy increases as the maximum vitrinite reflectance increases. Furthermore, as the pressure increases, the surface free energy of each pressure point gradually decreases, indicating that as the pressure increases, it is increasingly difficult to adsorb methane molecules.     

王家岗断阶带含烃流体的成藏效应分析

王家岗断阶带及其附近地区地层和地层流体所表现出的能量场和物质两方面的成藏效应,反映其局部地区的油气运移具有瞬态流体流动的特点.在以断层活动为主、以烃源岩超压为辅的双重控制作用下,来自牛庄洼陷内深部烃源岩的超压含烃热流体沿断阶带内的断层向王家岗地区方向快速充注.能量场上,快速的大规模流体流动既引起了地温场的局部扰动,也将深层的超压能量传递到浅层.物质上,溶解有大量矿物质的深部热流体以混相涌流的方式运移到浅层.流体活动强的断层附近区域水-岩相互作用强烈,地层岩石中的碳酸盐质量分数和黏土矿物组成变化较大.同时在深部流体进入浅层活动活跃的层段内,地层水矿化度高的地段聚集的油气也较多.     

干旱灾害和我国西北干旱气候的研究进展及问题

首先阐述了自然灾害中干旱灾害的严重性和复杂性;接着从西北干旱气候的时空分布特征、形成原因、干旱气候的比较以及监测和预测等方面回顾了近20年来我国西北干旱气候研究的进展;最后提出了西北干旱气候待研究的问题。     

贵州茶树生长季热量资源的时空分布特征研究

该研究根据贵州省1961—2010年茶树生育期内积温的气象观测资料,分析了贵州春、夏、秋茶季内热量资源的时空变化特征。结果表明:研究区茶树生育期热量资源最充足的是夏茶季,其次是秋茶季,最少的则是春茶季;春茶季、夏茶季及秋茶季热量资源的空间分布特征相似,都是由西到东逐渐增加;而且3个茶季生育期的热量资源从1961—2010年期间都呈增加趋势;春茶季、夏茶季、秋茶季热量资源呈现减少趋势的站点占研究区域总站点数的比例分别为9.9%、46%、12.3%。春茶季、夏茶季、秋茶季热量资源的地区间差异均呈现缩小的趋势。     

格网DEM侵蚀学坡长并行计算方法

针对现有侵蚀学坡长串行算法在处理大区域海量数据时计算能力的不足,基于消息传递接口(MPI)并行化工具,提出了一种格网DEM的侵蚀学坡长并行计算方法,采用缓冲区更新计算策略,解决了并行计算过程中的数据依赖性问题。选取陕北黄土高原的两组不同分辨率的DEM数据对并行算法进行了测试,结果表明,提出的并行计算方法可以有效降低侵蚀学坡长的计算时间,并取得了较好的并行效率。     

互联网泛在地理信息感知融合技术综述

互联网数据中蕴含丰富的地理信息,其无处不在、形式与结构多样的特征决定了感知和融合面临许多技术难题。本文在分析互联网泛在地理信息分类和特征的基础上,系统研究其感知和融合技术的总体现状,总结了服务快速准确发现、深层网络数据高覆盖度采集、非结构化文本中位置信息提取和关联图像空间语义提取等感知技术发展现状,分析了异源几何数据匹配关联、地址标准化处理、同名实体语义对齐、地理实体关系构建等融合处理关键技术;在此基础上,总结和展望了互联网泛在地理信息感知融合技术在开放地理数据网络、城市治理与应急管理、网络监测与地理空间情报等领域的应用前景。     

露天矿实时动态(RTK)验收测量研究与应用

着重介绍RTK技术在露天矿采剥场验收测量中的实际应用,并对应用过程中的精度进行分析。结果表明RTK技术具有直观快捷、实时性强、点位误差不积累等优点,大大降低测量人员劳动强度,提高工作效率和测绘成果的质量。