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991.
The numerical simulations of the model equation governing the nonlinear evolution of kinetic Alfvén wave (KAW) in solar wind plasmas are performed. The nonlinear dynamical equation of KAW satisfies the modified nonlinear Schrödinger MNLS equation when the ponderomotive nonlinearity is incorporated in the KAW dynamics. The effect of Landau damping is taken into account in the KAW dynamics. The coherent (in the absence of Landau damping) and damped (with Landau damping) localized structures of pump KAW as a consequence of ponderomotive nonlinearity have been studied in the solar wind at 1 AU. A weak whistler signal propagating in these localized structures is amplified which leads to the development of its own coherent and damped localized structures. Magnetic field (KAW) and electric field (whistler wave) power spectra and their spectral indices are calculated. Our results reveal the change in spectral index because of the damping effect which has good agreement with the observations. These damped structures and steeper spectra may be one of the reasons responsible for the plasma heating and particles acceleration in solar wind. 相似文献
992.
Monthly mesoscale eddy kinetic energy (EKE) per unit mass has been computed for four years, 1993-1996, from TOPEX altimeter data in the Indian Ocean. It ranges from 50 cm2/s2 to 2,700 cm2/s2 (about 4,000 cm2/s2 near the Somali region in a few months). In the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, regions of high energies associated with various current systems under the influence of monsoonal winds have been delineated. Monthly variation of EKE near the Somali region has been studied. In this region the maximum EKE per unit mass has been observed during August every year, with variations in magnitude from year to year. The mesoscale eddy kinetic energy computed from TOPEX altimeter-derived SSH during 1993-1996 is highest near the Somali region during the SW monsoon, due to formation of mesoscale eddies and also because of upwelling. In the Bay of Bengal, high eddy kinetic energy is seen toward the western side during nonmonsoonal months due to the western boundary current. In the South Indian Ocean, it is high at a few places in some of the months. A large part of the Indian Ocean exhibits low eddy kinetic energy (less than 300 cm2/s2) year-round. 相似文献
993.
Role of atmospheric ammonia in the formation of inorganic secondary particulate matter: A study at Kanpur,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mukesh Sharma Shyam Kishore S. N. Tripathi S. N. Behera 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,57(1):1-17
Levels of fine Particulate Matter (PMfine), SO2 and NOx are interlinked through atmospheric reactions to a large extent. NOx, NH3, SO2, temperature and humidity are the important atmospheric constituents/conditions governing formation of fine particulate sulfates
and nitrates. To understand the formation of inorganic secondary particles (nitrates and sulfates) in the atmosphere, a study
was undertaken in Kanpur, India. Specifically, the study was designed to measure the atmospheric levels of covering winter and summer seasons and day and night samplings to capture the diurnal variations. Results showed are found to be significantly high in winter season compared to the summer season. In winter, the molar ratio of to was found to be greater than 2:1. This higher molar ratio suggests that in addition to (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 will be formed because of excess quantity of present. In summer, the molar ratio was less than 2:1 indicating deficit of to produce NH4NO3. The nitrogen conversion ratio (NO2 to NO3) was found to be nearly 50% in the study area that suggested quick conversion of NO2 into nitric acid. As an overall conclusion, this study finds that NH3 plays a vital role in the formation of fine inorganic secondary particles particularly so in winter months and there is a
need to identify and assess sources of ammonia emissions in India. 相似文献
994.
This paper presents the model equations governing the nonlinear interaction between dispersive Alfvén wave (DAW) and magnetosonic
wave in the low-β plasmas (β≪m
e/m
i; known as inertial Alfvén waves (IAWs); here
\upbeta = 8pn0T /B02\upbeta = 8\pi n_{0}T /B_{0}^{2} is thermal to magnetic pressure, n
0 is unperturbed plasma number density, T(=T
e≈T
i) represents the plasma temperature, and m
e(m
i) is the mass of electron (ion)). This nonlinear dynamical system may be considered as the modified Zakharov system of equations
(MZSE). These model equations are solved numerically by using a pseudo-spectral method to study the nonlinear evolution of
density cavities driven by IAW. We observed the nonlinear evolution of IAW magnetic field structures having chaotic behavior
accompanied by density cavities associated with the magnetosonic wave. The relevance of these investigations to low-β plasmas
in solar corona and auroral ionospheric plasmas has been pointed out. For the auroral ionosphere, we observed the density
fluctuations of ∼ 0.07n
0, consistent with the FAST observation reported by Chaston et al. (Phys. Scr.
T84, 64, 2000). The heating of the solar corona observed by Yohkoh and SOHO may be produced by the coupling of IAW and magnetosonic wave via filamentation process as discussed here. 相似文献
995.
Helga de Wall Stefan Schöbel Manoj K. Pandit Kamal K. Sharma J. Just 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2010,75(1):239-253
The Mirpur granite body represents a relatively small (10 km2) pluton intruded along the northern margin of the adjacent Mt. Abu batholith (∼125 km2) in NW India. It is a visibly undeformed alkali feldspar rich pink granite; in contrast, the Mt. Abu is a composite granitoid
body and variably deformed. Both are intruded by rhyolitic dykes and the terminal magmatic events in both the cases are mafic
dykes. The AMS (Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility) data identify the Mt. Abu with SE-dipping foliations and subvertical
lineations as a single structural domain while the Mirpur granite body shows two domains characterized by predominantly E
— W trend of magnetic foliation in the eastern part (domain I) and N — S orientations in the western part (domain II). The
domain I shows magmatic fabrics, typical for the peraluminous granites of Malani Igneous Suite (MIS). Change in fabric orientation
in the domain II has resulted from cataclasis wherein the samples show destruction of the original E — W fabric and complete
transposition by N — S trends. The foliations in the Mt. Abu granites have been related to SE orientation of maximum horizontal
stress. The same maximum stress direction can be inferred from dyke orientation in the Mirpur granite, which is interpreted
as continuation of the tectonic imprint in this region during emplacement of both the granites. Age of the cataclastic overprint
with a predominant N — S orientation is not yet constrained but corresponds with the trend of the nearby Sindreth basin within
the Malani Igneous Suite. The Neoproterozoic tectonic scenario for the region has been interpreted in terms of an ongoing
crustal convergence and granitic magma emplacement against the back stop offered by the rigid Delhi Fold Belt. 相似文献
996.
Pasquale Crea Concetta De Stefano Frank J. Millero Silvio Sammartano Virender K. Sharma 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2010,16(3):447-466
Oxidized glutathione (GSSG), which has four carboxylic and two amino groups, interacts with metal ions and may affect the
bioavailability and geochemistry of metals in natural waters. In the present paper, six stepwise protonation constants
K\textHi K^{\text{H}}_{i} for GSSG were measured as a function of salinity, S = 5–35‰ at t = 25°C (and in NaCl/MgCl2 mixtures at different ionic strengths), in order to provide thermodynamic data for their acid base properties, which are
useful for studying the interaction with metals in these media. The protonation enthalpies (ΔH
i
/kJ mol−1) were also determined at t = 25°C. The results were interpreted using the SIT model and Pitzer equations. The seawater model with the interaction parameters
accounts for the differences between the values in NaCl and seawater. The results suggest that it is important to consider
all of the ionic interactions in natural waters in examining the proton dissociation of GSSG. 相似文献
997.
Landslide susceptibility zonation of the Chamoli region, Garhwal Himalayas, using logistic regression model 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
A remote sensing and Geographic Information System-based study has been carried out for landslide susceptibility zonation in the Chamoli region, part of Garhwal Himalayas. Logistic regression has been applied to correlate the presence of landslides with independent physical factors including slope, aspect, relative relief, land use/cover, lithology, lineament, and drainage density. Coefficients of the categories of each factor have been obtained and used to assess the landslide probability value to ultimately categorize the area into various landslide susceptibility zones; very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The results show that 71.13% of observed landslides fall in 21.96% of predicted very high and high susceptibility zone, which in fact should be the case. Furthermore, lineament first buffer category (0–500 m) and the east and south aspects are the most influential in causing landslides in the region. 相似文献
998.
Numerical model and flume experiments of single- and two-layered hillslope flow related to slope failure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A hillslope flow model is developed considering 3D saturated and unsaturated flow of water during rainfall events. A finite difference-based numerical model of hillslope flow processes is developed. Four different experiments are done to see the effects of a single- and double-layered soil in pore-water pressure dynamics and slope failure. Results from the numerical model are verified with experimental results. The numerical and experimental values of the pore-water pressure and moisture contents are in good agreement. The results show that the hillslope heterogeneity caused by multiple layers of soil has greater influence on hillslope pore-pressure dynamics and slope failure patterns. The depth of slope failure shows high dependency on layering characteristics of the soil slope and pattern of rainfall. The proposed model provides a perspective on failure mechanism of a single- or double-layered slope under rainfall infiltration. 相似文献
999.
Landslides are very common in high-altitude Himalayan terrains. Major roads in the Himalayas are frequently blocked due to
heavy landslides and remain closed for long periods of time. Permanent mitigatory solutions to these landslides are required
to keep the highways open. Lanta Khola, located 71.2 km north of Gangtok (capital of the Indian state of Sikkim), is one of
the oldest landslides on the North Sikkim Highway and is active since 1975. The rock types on either side of the landslide
are different (augen gneiss in the east and metapelitic schist in the west), and it is believed that the Main Central Thrust
passes through the slide zone. Since the slide is invariably activated in the aftermath of heavy rainfall, it is important
to identify the subsurface structures that channel water below the landslide surface in order to understand the triggers of
slide activity. This can only be accomplished by geophysical survey; however, an appropriate geophysical technique that can
be applied in such terrains must be identified. Very low-frequency (VLF) electromagnetic survey was performed over the Lanta
Khola landside in order to delineate subsurface structures. Although a very limited number of VLF transmitters are available
worldwide, it was possible to pick up VLF signals from a number of VLF stations even in this high-altitude mountainous terrain.
VLF measurements along five profiles perpendicular to the geological strike were recorded, and a high conducting zone was
delineated from the VLF observations. This conducting zone correlates with the low resistive zone identified from gradient
resistivity profiling. The anomalies confirm that there is a water-saturated zone (soggy zone) even in the subsurface of the
slide parallel to the geological gneiss–schist contact within the Lanta Khola slide. This indicates that the conductive feature
correlates with a weak water-saturated debris layer that lies along the slide and is parallel to the geological contact. Resistive
structures on either side of the landslide zone can thus be correlated with the stable ground. It is necessary to drain out
water from the soggy zone to minimize slide activity since this zone appears to penetrate into the body of the slide. 相似文献
1000.
S. K. Sharma Manish Kumar Rohtash N. C. Gupta Saraswati Mohit Saxena T. K. Mandal 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2014,124(1-2):67-82
In the present paper, we have characterized the ambient ammonia over Delhi along with other trace gases (NH3, NO, NO2, SO2 and CO) and particulates (PM2.5 and PM10) measured during December 2011 to June 2012. The average mixing ratios of ambient NH3, NO, NO2, SO2 and CO were recorded as 21.2 ± 5.4, 19.5 ± 4.9, 17.4 ± 1.4, 1.7 ± 0.5 ppb and 1.6 ± 0.7 ppm, respectively, during winter, whereas the average mixing ratios of ambient NH3, NO, NO2, SO2 and CO were recorded as 20.8 ± 4.7, 21.7 ± 6.3, 16.8 ± 3.1, 2.2 ± 0.8 ppb and 1.8 ± 0.9 ppm, respectively, during summer. In the present case, non-significant seasonal and diurnal variations of NH3, NO, NO2, SO2 and CO were observed during both the seasons. The average monthly NH3/NH4 + ratios varied from 0.28 to 2.56 with an average value of 1.46 in winter. The higher NH3/NH4 + ratio (3.5) observed in summer indicates the abundance of NH3 in the atmosphere during summer. The higher fraction of particulate NH4 + observed in winter than summer attributes to the conversion of gaseous NH3 into NH4 +. The results emphasized that the traffic could be one of the significant sources of ambient NH3 at the urban site of Delhi as illustrated by positive correlations of NH3 with traffic-related pollutants (NO, NO2 and CO). Surface wind analysis and wind directions also support the roadside traffic and agricultural activities at the nearby area indicating possible major sources of ambient NH3 at the study site. 相似文献