干扰对生物土壤结皮及其理化性质的影响

生物土壤结皮作为荒漠地区特殊环境的产物,具有较强的抗风蚀、水蚀功能,也是干旱荒漠地区植被演替的重要基础。随着人类活动的加剧,生物土壤结皮也受到不同类型和不同程度的干扰,主要包括放牧、火烧、车辆碾压等形式。干扰对生物土壤结皮的影响主要表现在生物土壤结皮结构及盖度的变化、土壤理化性质的改变、土壤微生物数量及活性的变化等几个方面。放牧对土壤物理性质的影响还没有一致的结论,除了干扰的程度还与土壤含水量有关系。火烧虽然改善了土壤结构,但是破坏了地表植被的盖度,而且恢复比较困难,也加速了外界侵蚀的力度,对土壤化学性质也有显著影响。机械碾压的破坏力最强,且没有任何的积极意义。     

国家重点研发项目:中国陆地生态系统生态质量综合监测技术与规范研究（英文）

生态质量是指一定时空范围内生态系统要素、结构和功能的综合特征,具体表现为生态系统的状况、生产能力、结构和功能的稳定性、抗干扰和恢复能力。生态系统的质量是我国生态文明建设和生态环境监测的重要内容,多时空尺度观测技术的发展为生态系统质量监测与评价提供了新机遇,但同时也对国家尺度生态要素、生物多样性和生态功能的观测标准与技术规范提出了新的要求。本国家重点研发项目自2017年7月立项以来,围绕国家尺度生态质量监测技术与规范,开展了生态系统网络观测技术规范、台站生态要素监测、区域生物多样性和区域生态功能监测技术与规范的研究,在典型农林草湿地生态系统开展应用示范。项目在生态质量综合监测指标体系构建、生态系统研究网络观测技术、区域生物多样性和区域生态功能监测、基于无人机和机器学习的荒漠植被监测等方面取得了重要进展,促进了生态质量监测技术的发展。我们组织本专辑从不同视野集中系统介绍本项目已取得的生态质量监测技术和评价方法,以期促进生态学及其观测技术的发展。     

西安城市化与水资源利用关系的量化研究

基于1997-2010年的统计数据,利用统计分析软件SPSS17.0的主成分分析导出西安城市化水平综合得分,进而运用所建立的回归模型分析了西安城市化与城市用水量、用水效益、人均用水水平之间的定量关系.结果表明:西安城市化发展中,生产用水量随城市化的推进呈三次函数曲线型降低,生活用水量则相反;用水效益与城市化呈线性增长关系;人均生产用水量随城市化水平的提高呈三次函数曲线型降低,人均生活用水量则相反.据此,提出未来西安在城市化推进过程中应重视优化产业结构,发展节水技术,改善用水结构,提高用水效益,实现城市化与水资源、水环境的协调发展.     

不同土地利用方式下的七里海湿地临界评价研究

在"湿地临界"概念的基础上,定性分析了湿地利用与保护的平衡状态,探讨了不同利用方式下的湿地临界的研究步骤,并从基于耕地和河蟹养殖地两种土地利用方式入手,对七里海湿地临界进行了评价。研究表明,通过建立湿地临界模型,从经济效益评价和生态效益的评估入手,对湿地资源利用与保护进行临界分析,可以较好的反映湿地利用的临界状态;采用该方法,七里海湿地耕地利用的年净收益为9 5941.42元/hm2,净损耗为18 072.75元/hm2,临界效益(△B)值为77 868.67元/hm2;养殖河蟹的年净效益为21 622.68元/hm2,净损耗为2 0274元/hm2,△B值为1 348.68元/hm2,说明在目前的社会经济发展水平下,耕地和养殖河蟹两种利用方式尚未超出开发利用的临界准则,七里海湿地仍然具有开发潜力。     

基于Copula函数的连河通江湖泊防洪安全设计:以洪泽湖为例

湖泊作为一种蓄水单元,尤其是大型过水性湖泊,是一种典型的平原型水库,在功能上与山谷型水库具有许多相似之处,但由于其特殊的地理地形构造,使得入湖洪水过程与入库洪水过程存在着较大的差异.在防洪安全设计研究中,山谷型水库关注的多是坝址洪水,即总的入库洪水过程,而对于湖泊来说,还需要关注各个分区的入湖洪水过程对湖区洪水演进的影...     

热分解法测定水盐体系中硝酸铵和水含量研究

针对复杂硝酸铵水盐体系溶解度的测定,传统分析方法操作步骤繁琐,且试剂较贵,引入一种简单准确的分析方法,即热分解法,对LiNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系和NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中硝酸铵和水的含量进行精确分析。结果表明,热分解温度控制在230～240℃,若控制样品质量为1.5 g,分解时间不低于36 h,能将LiNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中的硝酸铵和水彻底分解,且随着样品中硝酸铵含量增加,热分解时间也将延长,分析相对误差能控制在0.2%以内。针对复杂NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系,热分解温度控制在230～255℃,若控制样品质量为1.5 g,分解时间不少于44 h,且随着样品中硝酸铵含量的增加,相应延长热分解时间,能将复杂NaNO3-KNO3-NH4NO3-H2O体系中的硝酸铵和水彻底分解,分析相对误差能控制在0.2%以内。     

Accuracy evaluation of two precipitation datasets over upper reach of Heihe River Basin, northwestern China

As an important forcing data for hydrologic models, precipitation has significant effects on model simulation. The China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (ITP) and Global Land Data Assimilation System (G...     

Elements and Element Components of the Rural Landscape in Linpan of Western Sichuan in Relation to Perception,Preference and Stress Recovery

Natural environments contribute to people’s perception, preference and health restoration. Many researchers have focused either on the positive effects of overall rural environments on stress recovery or concentrated on the perception and preference aspects of the rural landscape, but few have integrated perception, preference and stress recovery simultaneously. This paper developed a framework which includes 11 elements and 38 element components related to Linpan, China, and distributed it online as part of a survey. As a result, a total of 324 valid questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire included demographic details, perception and preference degree for Linpan, as well as self-estimations of stress recovery. Stepwise multiple linear regression was employed, and revealed 16 significant predictors for the perception, preference and stress recovery in rural environments. In terms of elements, atmosphere and imagery were the two elements that could be best perceived, while woodland, farmland, water, residence and road were the five most important elements for the preference. Moreover, seven elements were also identified as significant predictors for stress recovery. Among the element components, tranquility as well as road and water proximity were the two significant predictors for perception, while wide visibility as well as woodland and residence blending contributed significantly to stress recovery. The five element components of woodland interior, vegetable field, stream, courtyard space and branch road each had a significantly predictive ability for preference and stress recovery. These findings extend the understanding of the perception, preference and restorative properties of rural environments through the combination of elements and element components in Linpan of Western Sichuan, helping to improve the quality and characteristics of rural external and internal environments and create health-promoting environments.     

Longitudinal genetic analysis of growth-related traits in red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii(Girard)

The red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, is an economically important species especially in China. Their exoskeleton places serious constraints on growth and culture management. Their growth is achieved through intermittent molting/ecdysis. The longitudinal genetic dynamics for growth-related traits at different ecdysial points in P. clarkii has been unclear to date. In this study, conditional genetic analysis was carried out for growth-related traits(body weight, body length, chela length, ...     

Anew oil spill detection algorithm based on Dempster-Shafer evidence theory

Features of oil spills and look-alikes in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(SAR) images always play an important role in oil spill detection. Many oil spill detection algorithms have been implemented based on these features. Although environmental factors such as wind speed are important to distinguish oil spills and look-alikes, some oil spill detection algorithms do not consider the environmental factors. To distinguish oil spills and look-alikes more accurately based on environmental fact...