月球探测50年

首先分析月球探测的驱动力,接着分四个阶段回顾近50年的月球探测活动,包括每个阶段的主要特征、代表性的探月计划和所取得的重要成果。最后介绍各个航天大国即将开展的月球探测项目,并描述我国的月球探测计划。     

基于空间认知理论的移动导航电子地图设计

基于空间认知理论和移动环境下的硬件与用户需求,提出适应LBS使用环境的“以满足空间认知需求”的导航地图制作方案。根据用户的导航请求,将对用户有重要认知价值的地理信息从空间数据库中提取出来,并按照不同于传统制图综合原则的“认知简化”原则制作简化路线图以缓解目前在LBS应用中存在的地图数据与屏幕大小的矛盾,适应移动环境下用户的多行为状态和终端硬件特点,在LBS应用服务中具有较高的实用价值。     

基于矩阵分解的平差解算方法研究

首先分析了法方程稳定性对平差解算结果的影响。为减弱法方程对平差解算结果的影响,采用矩阵分解方法直接对系数矩阵进行矩阵分解,以求解最小二乘最小范数解替代原来最小二乘的法矩阵求逆运算,从而克服法方程求逆造成的解算稳定性差和病态性问题。实验分析结果表明基于矩阵分解的平差解算精度和可靠性较优。     

Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns, and caus-es of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s

Land-use/land-cover changes (LUCCs) have links to both human and nature interactions. China's Land-Use/cover Datasets (CLUDs) were updated regularly at 5-year intervals from the late 1980s to 2010,with standard procedures based on Landsat TM\ETM+ images. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics,differences,and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as follows. Land-use changes (LUCs) across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years (1990-2010). The area of cropland change decreased in the south and increased in the north,but the total area remained almost unchanged. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly,were mainly distributed in the east,and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first,and then increased,but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included (1) an accelerated expansion of built-up land in the Huang-Huai-Hai region,the southeastern coastal areas,the midstream area of the Yangtze River,and the Sichuan Basin;(2) shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China;(3) continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields;and (4) effectiveness of the "Grain for Green" project in the southern agricultural-pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia,the Loess Plateau,and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades,although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland,policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century,the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use patterns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation.The "dynamic regionalization method" was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries,the internal characteristics of zones,and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed "the pattern of the change process," namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning,variations in unit boundaries,and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the "pattern" and "process" of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

GPS-based regional ionospheric models and their suitability in Antarctica

There are a number of ionospheric models available for research and application, such as the polynomial model, generalized trigonometric series function model, low degree spherical harmonic function model, adjusted spherical harmonic function model, and spherical cap harmonic function analysis. Using observations from more than 40 continuously operating stations across Antarctica in 2010, ifve models are compared with regard to their precision and applicability to polar regions. The results show that all the models perform well in Antarctica with 0.1 TECU of residual mean value and 2 TECU of root mean square error.     

土地环境质量综合评价模型的建立——以山东半岛蓝色经济区为例

依据多目标区域地球化学调查资料,对土地环境质量综合评价方法进行探讨,建立评价模型。提出土地环境质量综合评价是土壤内部指标分等、外部指标定级,整合全部评价因素的新观点。采用相关系数、半方差函数进行指标筛选,层次分析法确定参评指标权重,通过隶属度函数模型将土壤不同含量单位的指标纳入同一评价体系形成内部因素,叠加区域地下水、农作物质量等外部因素,建立土地质量综合评价模型。根据模型对山东半岛蓝色经济区土地环境质量进行综合评价,结果表明:山东半岛土地可分为优质、优良、良好、中、差5等20级,其中可作绿色(111和121级)及无公害(211和221级)食品生产基地的土地占62.60%;需农业种植结构调整的512和522级土地面积267.54km2,多位于矿区(金矿、石墨矿、铜铁矿)周边或紧邻城镇地带。土地环境质量综合评价方法及模型的建立对山东其他地区基本农田保护和土地质量等级划分具有一定借鉴意义。     

海岸带遥感影像并行处理系统的设计与实现

针对海量、大型海岸带遥感影像处理的难题,以高性能集群并行处理技术和大规模分布式处理技术为代表的遥感影像处理方法,提出了一个构建在网格计算环境下的,适合大规模遥感影像快速、批量处理的一整套软硬件技术解决方案。从海岸带遥感影像地理特征、技术特点、真正射影像生产流程等多方面对海岸带遥感影像并行处理系统的关键技术进行了描述说明,并对精度和效能进行了分析。     

水下碍航物信息三维可视化管理技术研究

研究了水下碍航物信息的获取、处理、显示和管理等一整套技术方法,以水下碍航物数据库为支持,实现水下碍航物数据的获取、海图碍航物信息自动入库、水下碍航物可视化编辑、元数据信息查询和空间定位等功能,并实现以图片库和模型库为支持的海图碍航物要素的三维空间表达,建立水下碍航物三维可视化管理系统平台,为海洋测绘作业人员提供全方位、一体化的技术支持和信息保障。     

能量位涡在雷雨大风天气诊断分析中的应用

从大气基本运动方程及大气总能量概念出发,提出将大气动力学与能量天气学相结合的物理量——干能量位涡与湿能量位涡,并确定其守恒性.通过分析发现,以静力温度表达的能量位涡数学计算更方便,物理意义更明确.以2007年湖北的一次典型雷雨大风天气为例,对雷雨大风天气用能量位涡进行诊断分析.结果表明:本文提出的干能量位涡与湿能量位涡可以较好地预示雷雨大风天气,高空干能量位涡的增强与向下发展使对流层中下层不稳定能量增大,有利于雷雨大风天气发生;低层湿能量位涡的不稳定能量高值区与斜压系统耦合时预示该区域将有雷雨大风发生.     

南海西沙群岛海域鸢乌贼Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis胃组织微塑料沉积特性研究

随着微塑料在全球海洋环境和鱼类中被发现,海洋微塑料污染越来越受到各界学者的关注。然而头足类微塑料的研究甚少,南海鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)对微塑料的摄取特性的研究更是未见报道。根据2020年3~5月中国生产调查船于南海西沙群岛海域采集的36尾鸢乌贼样本,对其胃组织微塑料沉积特性进行了研究。结果表明,36尾鸢乌贼样本中有33尾胃组织中发现微塑料,共计88个,单个样本微塑料含量介于0~6个,平均为2.44个。微塑料长度范围为0.121~2.748 mm,平均为0.878mm,且75.0%的微塑料长度小于1mm;颜色包括黑色(39.8%)、蓝色(31.8%)、透明(10.2%)、白色(6.8%)、红色(6.8%)和黄色(4.6%)6种,材质主要由棉(cotton)(50.0%)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)(21.6%)、人造丝(Rayon)(10.2%)、聚酯纤维(Polyester)(9.1%)、聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(Styrofoam)(4.5%)、聚乙烯(PE)(2.3%)和丙烯酸塑料(acrylic)(2.3%)7种组成。相关性分析表明,南海鸢乌贼胃组织微塑料的含量与胃重、摄食强度无显著相关性,但与平均胴长、体重、年龄呈显著线性相关。研究结果认为,南海鸢乌贼胃组织微塑料的沉积随着个体的生长而逐渐积聚,这种积聚与自身生长可能呈对数函数关系(a>1)。