Living in a High Mountain Border Region： the Case of the ＇Bhotiyas＇ of the Indo-Chinese Border Region

This article introduces one of South Asia＇s most important border regions into academic discourse, namely, the Central Himalayan mountain rim separating India and the Tibetan Autonomous Region （People＇s Republic of China）. What makes this border region so interesting is a tangled interplay of changing environmental, cultural, and political forms to which the local populations constantly have to adapt in order to make a living there. We focused on the so-called ＇Bhotiyas＇ of Uttarakhand, former trans- Himalayan traders whose ethnicity and livelihood was traditionally associated with the Indo-Chinese border that was sealed as a result of the India-China war in 1962. Drawing on the work of borderland scholarship, we identified the key processes and developments that changed the perspective of this area. Competing political aspirations as well as the ＇Bhotiyas＇ countervailing strategies were considered equally important for understanding local livelihoods and identities within the dynamics of a ＇high mountain border region＇. Through an exemplary analysis of historical differences of power in one ＇Bhotiya＇ valley, we further explored the ways in which shifting socio-spatial constellations are creatively re-interpreted by the borderlanders.     

THE GENERIC STATUS OF "TRIPLECIA" POLOI

One of the common fossils from the Ordovician of central China has been repeatedly described as Triplecia poloi§(Fig. 1)     

Prevalence and composition of fishing gear debris in the nests of northern gannets (Morus bassanus) are related to fishing effort

Bycatch and indirect mortality associated with global fishing operations affect non-target species. Northern gannets (Morus bassanus) and other seabirds incorporate marine debris, much of it originating in fisheries, into their nests, at times resulting in entanglement. We compared the prevalence and composition of marine debris in nests at two gannet colonies in Newfoundland before and after a basin-wide ground fish closure in 1992, and at the species' largest colony in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where fishing effort is low. The proportion of nests with marine debris decreased following the fishery closure, and the proportion of nests with fishing gear was related exponentially to the number of gillnets set around breeding colonies. Assessing the composition of gannet nests could provide a useful index of the prevalence of fishing debris and could be used to assess entanglement risk of other animals in the marine environment over decadal scales.     

ON THE NONLINEAR WAVES IN A DEVELOPING PROCESS PART 1. THE DERIVATION OF THE GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Until now most of the nonlinear wave theories are confined to expound the nonlinear properties relative to a stationary wave train and inclusive of three dimensional instabilities, bifurcation into a new steady solution, statistical properties of random wave field and so on. Under the wind blowing over the sea the atmosphere near the sea surface will continuously transmit energy into the sea waves due to the resonant and coupling mechanisms. Wind-generated waves are essentially a developing process associated with the rate of energy     

英国高等院校地理课程的选择

战后不久的年代里,任何想取得地理学位的人学习的地方无疑不会超出综合大学(university)的范围。他(她)可以向传统的大学(如剑桥和雷德布里克)或新型的大学(如基尔和苏塞克斯)越来越多的地理系之中的一个甚至几个提出申请。一些工学院(Polytechnics)也为伦敦大学设置了校外学位,当时确实有学生在工学院学习,获取地理文学士和理学士学位。     

探寻硫化矿时所见到的机电电位

前言在印度东北部的梅加拉亚高原进行了自然电场法勘探,在山上观测到特别强大的负自电反应.自电法在那里是物探综合找矿手段之一.在山上西隆群石英岩和砂质岩层上观测电位,测得的剖面好象是山的反射镜像.山峰顶点附近的电位高达-1940毫伏,通常这种机电异常反应的特点是,有与地形梯度成比例的、宽的“电位低”,或者叫作“凹槽”.不过在某些地方,异常的形状与在硫化矿带上测到的自电表示对应.因此有必要把机电效应产生的电位从中区分出来,以     

滨海区—全球范围内最重要的环境问题之一

自从20世纪50年代以来,由于海陆架范围内矿物和生物资源的强烈开采以及许多沿海城市与港口等工业复杂体的向外延伸,从而导致了一个新学科的兴起一滨海区,这是一个在全球范围内具有重要意义的经济、地理和环境学科。整个工业复杂体的范围包括海岸带和整个大陆架邻近的相当宽(约数十公里)的条带状陆地。滨海带的主要特征是:     

从南极冰岩芯看末次气候循环(16万年)中的气溶胶浓度变化

从末次冰期最盛期初到距今二千年间东南极洲的气候和大气成份关系问题,前人已做了详尽的研究。研究工作是通过对两支冰岩芯分析进行的:第一支(905米,3万年)采自多姆C 站(74°39′S,124°10′E,海拔3040米)。第二支(950米,5万年)采自东方站(Vostok)(78°30′S,106°54′E,海拔3420米)。最近在东方站新钻取的冰岩芯深达2083米,使我们把这一研究延伸到距今16万年,从而覆盖了一个完整的冰期循环。     

克什米尔喜马拉雅克什特瓦、多达区内及其周围地质

位于克什米尔地区北纬33°15′—33°35′及东经75°30′—75°50′、J及K镇之间的地质已讨论过;已曾确定了两个岩群:(1)克什特瓦群,包括石英岩、泥质片岩、混合岩、片麻岩、角闪岩以及新的花岗质岩类;(2)辛赞群,包括集块板岩及潘贾尔暗色岩。1。克什特瓦群沿着在该区所确定的辛赞群之上。前一岩群的变质岩类形成于铁铝榴石-角闪岩相的环境下,包括的矿物从绿泥石到蓝晶石;但,显然缺失十字石,可能是由于稳定界限的缘故。底部含有冈瓦纳动特群以及它的相当物,含有某些冰碛岩的集块板岩,确定为冰水成因。1　绪　　言研究的地区介于北纬33°15…     

应用GPS数据优化区域大地水准面

在日本Port岛应用全球定位系统（GPS）进行了椭球面高的测量工作。通过GPS获取的椭球面高hGPS以及水准测量获得的正高hLcvcling测试了GPS和重力测量在工作区获得正高的能力．以便后来评价海平面的起伏。该重力测量成果是覆盖0．1°×0．1°范围内的6241个空间重力异常点，重力异常值面△g从日本重力数据库搜集，选择的区域由天文经纬度表示，即：34．651°≤≤34．661°，135．212°≤λ≤135．227°，那里有足够数据用于评价大地水准面差距△N。尽管在I’ort岛某些工作区内稀少的重力数据覆盖也能获得小于或等于10×10－6m精度的结果，但是这样的精度仍然不足以用于高精度的应用，比如海水面形态的确定等。应用不同的地球重力位模型（OSU89A，OSU89B，GPM2F）对全部重力测量结果进行比较，在电算化时代的研究室是可行的。当使用OSU89A作为参照模型时，重力测量所得△N的变化范围由-2．2～16．7cm．它们与△NGPS/Lcvcling进行了适当的对比。