冲刷对桥墩稳定性影响的有限元分析

在对湘黔线资水大桥的评估中,提出了桥墩在受各种不同冲刷程度的影响下,通过改变基底的支承方式模拟基础底部被掏空的途径,应用有限元方法进行基底压应力和墩顶位移计算分析的方法。该方法揭示了基底最大压应力等于基底容许压应力时的极限掏空面积和考虑墩顶最大横向、纵向、竖向位移的因素而引起基础的各种变形与应力发生剧烈的变化,导致基础失效的基底掏空面积,为受冲刷桥墩的稳定性分析提供了有力的依据。     

陈四楼井田突水机理分析

针对陈四楼煤矿在建井及投产3年以来多次突水的现实,从地质构造理论和矿山压力理论出发,探讨了井田突水的原因,认为该井田特殊的构造及矿山压力导致的构造"活化"是矿井突水的主要因素。      

非饱和土中溶质迁移参数反演的HISR方法

以非饱和土中溶质迁移参数反演问题为背景, 依据正则化方法的思路, 以Itakura Saito距离作为同伦函数中的平凡问题, 将同伦方法引入非线性参数反演问题的求解, 进而提出一种求解非线性参数反演问题的大范围收敛(HomotoyItakura SaitoRegularization, HISR) 方法.为保证迭代稳定性, 并同时削弱观测噪声的影响, 同伦参数的修正采用了连续化修正方法.本文将HISR方法应用于求解带有平衡及非平衡吸附效应的一维非饱和土中溶质迁移参数反演问题, 计算结果表明HISR方法具有大范围收敛性及计算稳健性, 同时有较强的抵抗观测噪声的能力.      

上海近30年来蒸发变化及其城郊差异分析

统计分析了上海龙华中心气象站和周边9个郊区气象站1970~2000年蒸发资料,结果表明:(1) 近30年来,上海郊区的蒸发变化和气候的冷暖期变化基本一致,20世纪80年代郊区蒸发量总体明显低于70年代;进入90年代增暖期后,郊区蒸发量呈逐渐上升趋势。(2) 市区蒸发状况与郊区出现明显反差,20世纪80年代市区蒸发量高于70年代,90年代以后市区蒸发量总体明显下降,与郊县蒸发量变化趋势相背离。(3) 城郊蒸发量历史资料系列的配对样本T检验表明,近30年来上海地区的蒸发存在明显的城郊差异,城郊蒸发的差异及变化与区域下垫面状况关系密切。     

水工隧洞钢筋混凝土衬砌非线性有限元分析

在已有岩土程序的基础上,考虑混凝土材料的开裂特性,增加了钢筋和混凝土开裂的模拟功能,编制了相应的非线性有限元计算程序,实现了塑性迭代和开裂迭代计算的耦合。结合某水电站导流隧洞的工程实例,进行了施工、运行和封堵全过程仿真分析。计算过程显示：本算法迭代计算稳定,收敛性好,满足精度要求。同时研究结果表明：运行期,混凝土衬砌的开裂范围、裂缝宽度和相应的钢筋应力随着衬砌与围岩之间初始缝隙值的增大而增大;封堵期,围岩塑性区随着外水位的增加而增大,需要采取相应的加固措施保证围岩稳定。     

遥感影象中居民地信息的自动提取与制图

如何自动获得居民地矢量信息是遥感和地理信息系统领域研究的热点问题。以南京市江宁区为研究区域,基于光谱特征分析,建立决策树模型进行居民地信息的自动提取。重点研究如何将已提取的居民地图斑进行形态综合,得到满足地理信息系统数据建库与更新、遥感制图等的可视化图形数据,为灾害评估、城镇扩展和环境变化研究等提供必要的基础信息。最后,给出文章方法的实验结果并做出讨论。     

我国东南沿海3港口有机锡污染的调查

利用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱表面发射火焰光度检测法于2001年11月至2002年8月对我国东南沿海厦门、汕头和惠阳3个大型港口21个站位的水样、底泥和生物样的有机锡污染现状进行调查.结果表明,绝大多数样品的一丁基锡(MBT)含量最高,三丁基锡(TBT)次之,二丁基锡(DBT)大多低于检测限.水样的TBT含量实测值从低于检测限至9.8ng/dm3,泥样的为0.3~174.7ng/g(干重),生物样的为2.1~23.0ng/g(湿重).水样TBT含量均值以惠阳港的为最高,泥样和生物样的均以厦门港的最高.影响有机锡含量及其空间分布的主要因素有港口船舶吞吐量、水文状况、季节和与大型码头的距离.关联的海产腹足类性畸变调查结果发现,我国沿海有机锡污染比较普遍和严重,已对生态系统产生实质性的负面生态效应.     

海洋水下起伏式拖体U-TOW的技术特点及应用

介绍了为满足当今海洋环境监测和保护的需要而出现的调查新技术-水下起伏式拖体的发展情况,分析讨论了其代表性产品U-TOW的技术特点及其在我国近岸海洋地质环境与灾害调查评价中的应用,认为其适合我国近岸环境调查,具有发展前景广阔、数据采集高效快捷的特点.     

Estimating anisotropic aquifer parameters by artificial neural networks

In recent years, many approaches have been developed using the artificial neural networks (ANN) model incorporated with the Theis analytical solution to estimate the effective hydrological parameters for homogeneous and isotropic porous media, such as the Lin and Chen approach (ANN approach) and the principal component analysis (PCA)‐ANN approach. The above methods assume a full superimposition of the type curve and the observed drawdown and try to use the first time‐drawdown data as a match point to make a fine approximation of the effective parameters. However, using first time‐drawdown data or early time‐drawdown data does not always allow for an accurate estimation of the hydrological parameters, especially for heterogeneous and anisotropic aquifers. Therefore, this article corrects the concept of the superimposed plot by modifying the ANN approach and the PCA‐ANN approach, as well as incorporating the Papadopoulos analytical solution, to estimate the transmissivities and storage coefficient for anisotropic, homogeneous aquifers. The ANN model is trained with 4000 training sets of the well function, and tested with 1000 sets and 300 sets of synthetic time‐drawdown generated from the homogeneous and heterogeneous parameters, respectively. In situ observation data from the time‐drawdown at station Shi‐Chou on the Choushui River alluvial fan, Taiwan, is further adopted to test the applicability and reliability of the proposed methods, as well as provide a basis for comparison with the Straight‐line method and the Type‐curve method. Results suggest that both of the modified methods perform better than the original ones, and using late time‐drawdown to optimize the effective parameters is shown to be better than using early time‐drawdown. Additionally, results indicate that the modified ANN approach is better than the modified PCA‐ANN approach in terms of precision, while the efficiency of the modified PCA‐ANN approach is approximately three times better than that of the modified ANN approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of projected climate change on the hydrology in the headwaters of the Yellow River basin

Located in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, the headwaters of the Yellow River basin (HYRB) are very vulnerable to climate change. In this study, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to assess the impact of future climate change on this region's hydrological components for the near future period of 2013–2042 under three emission scenarios A1B, A2 and B1. The uncertainty in this evaluation was considered by employing Bayesian model averaging approach on global climate model (GCM) multimodel ensemble projections. First, we evaluated the capability of the SWAT model for streamflow simulation in this basin. Second, the GCMs' monthly ensemble projections were downscaled to daily climate data using the bias‐correction and spatial‐disaggregation method and then were utilized as input into the SWAT model. The results indicate the following: (1) The SWAT model exhibits a good performance for both calibration and validation periods after adjusting parameters in snowmelt module and establishing elevation bands in sub‐basins. (2) The projected precipitation suggests a general increase under all three scenarios, with a larger extent in both A1B and B1 and a slight variation for A2. With regard to temperature, all scenarios show pronounced warming trends, of which A2 displays the largest amplitude. (3) In the terms of total runoff from the whole basin, there is an increasing trend in the future streamflow at Tangnaihai gauge under A1B and B1, while the A2 scenario is characterized by a declining trend. Spatially, A1B and B1 scenarios demonstrate increasing trends across most of the region. Groundwater and surface runoffs indicate similar trends with total runoff, whereas all three scenarios exhibit an increase in actual evapotranspiration. Generally, both A1B and B1 scenarios suggest a warmer and wetter tendency over the HYRB in the forthcoming decades, while the case for A2 indicates a warmer and drier trend. Findings from this study can provide beneficial reference to water resource and eco‐environment management strategies for governmental policymakers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.