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The paper of Reid and Whitaker (1976) on the effects of a vegetation canopy on flow of water is re-examined. Their assumptions on the equality of various drag coefficients are replaced by more realistic calculations. A new method for calculating wind stress on water is presented for the case when the vegetation extends above the water surface.For the case of vanishingly small water depth, it is shown that the horizontal stress is approximately constant in the vertical. This results in a diagnostic relationship for the water current as a function of the wind stress and bottom roughness.A new expression for the vertically averaged frictional force per unit mass is derived on the assumption that the friction velocity varies linearly with height. The vertical rate of change of friction velocity depends on the mean water current, the wind stress, the bottom roughness, and the water depth. This work has a possible application in the mitigation of storm surges. 相似文献
14.
Garratt and Physick (1983) presented observations which show a strong correlation between low-level wind behaviour and the passage of mesoscale pressure systems. They numerically simulated the wind observations by specifying a time sequence of perturbation pressure gradients and then solving the vertically integrated momentum equation. Here a similar procedure was used for computing the low-level wind field associated with the passage of a squall line over Lake Huron on August 22, 1971. The results from the numerical model agree reasonably well with observations. 相似文献
15.
In the analysis and interpretation ofsp anomalies, two-dimensional finite sheet models are equated to the double line of poles. The profiles over such a model being
asymmetric with a minor positive peak and a major negative peak, a double logarithmic curve matching technique simpler than
that of Meiser is suggested in the paper for easy and unique solution for all values of depth, dip and length. This technique
along with a few others have been tested on two profiles across the sulphide deposit from the Rakha Mines, Singhbhum copper
belt, India. 相似文献
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First arrival refraction data does not normally provide any indication of the velocity inversion problem. However, under certain favourable circumstances, when the low-velocity layer (LVL) is considerably thicker than the overlying higher-velocity layer (HVL), the velocity inversion can be seen in the form of a traveltime skip. Model Studies show that in such cases the length of the HVL traveltime branch can be used to determine the thickness of the HVL and the magnitude of the traveltime skip in order to determine the thickness of the LVL. This is also applicable in the case of field data. 相似文献
18.
A neutron activation method is used to measure6Li via the reaction6Li(n, α)3H in iron meteorites. It is found that most6Li occurs in non-metallic inclusions which can be separated by dissolution of the metal in 4 M H2SO4. The non-magnetic portion of such a residue has as high as 0.9 ppm6Li, while in the bulk sample6Li ranges from 0.02 to 10 ppb. Average6Li contents (ppb) for various classes are IA, 1.8; IIAB, 1.6; and IIIA, 0.4. Cosmic-ray-produced6Li is generally much smaller than the native6Li. 相似文献
19.
In this paper we study the rooted tree model applying the concepts of probability to obtain results of importance in understanding power-law distributions in pure populations and also in an ensemble of pure populations. The well-known Gutenberg-Richter relation, which is an empirical relation providing the number of earthquakes whose magnitude exceeds a given value, is shown to be an asymptotic form of survivor function of earthquake magnitudes. The implications of this model are briefly discussed in relation to other branches of sciences where power-law distributions are encountered. 相似文献
20.
Ian R. Calder G.S. Kariyappa N.V. Srinivasalu K.V. Srinivasa Murty 《Journal of Hydrology》1992,130(1-4):17-25
Flow rates calculated using the deuterium tracing method were compared with measurements of direct water uptake of excavated trees which had been inserted into water containers. Taking into account that the tracing method provides an estimate of the weighted mean flow rate over the period that the tracer pulse is present (the weighting factor is the relative concentration of the tracer as measured at the sampling point) agreement was obtained within the experimental error (about 10%) associated with the tracing method. 相似文献