Nubra-Gartang Superlineament,Ladakh -some geological observations and their implications

Geological observations along the Leh-Panamic traverse, which includes the northwestern portion of the Nubra-Gartang Superlineament, are being reported. Nubra-Shyok Thrust and the Tirit-Khalsar Fault are two imporant structural features in the area, the latter having a linear trend over regional extent is clearly picked up in the LANDSAT imagery.     

Geology of Ladakh,Lahaul and spiti regions of Himalaya with special reference to the stratigraphic position of flysch deposits

An attempt has been made to produce the geological map of Ladakh, Lahaul and Spiti regions of Himalaya on the basis of the field work done by the authors and the observations made by earlier workers. The stratigraphy of this region has been discussed in the light of new fossil finds from different stratigraphical horizons. Stratigraphical columns have been prepared and the formations of this region have been correlated with those exposed in other parts of the Himalaya. The age of the flysch deposits (Indus Flysch of Ladakh and Chikkim Shales of Spiti) has been defined on the basis of the microfauna.

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Zusammenfassung Aus Feldarbeiten und bereits vorliegenden Fakten resultierte eine neue geologische Karte des Gebietes von Ladakh, Lahaul und Spiti im Himalaya. Die Stratigraphie wird mit Hilfe neuer Fossilfunde geändert und mit anderen Teilgebieten des Himalayas verglichen. Das Alter der Flyschserien (Indus-Flysch von Ladakh und Chikkim-Shales von Spiti) wurde mit Hilfe von Mikrofaunen bestimmt.

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Résumé Les levés de terrain des auteurs, combinés avec des travaux antérieurs, ont permis de dresser une nouvelle carte géologique du Ladakh, Lahaul et Spiti dans l'Himalaya. La stratigraphie a été modifiée grâce à de nouvelles découvertes de fossiles et comparée avec celle d'autres régions de l'Himalaya. L'âge de la série du flysch (Flysch de l'indus de Ladakh et schistes de Chikkim de Spiti) a été déterminé à l'aide de microfaunes.

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Cambrian system of India

The paper describes in detail the Cambrian Stratigraphy of India. On the basis of fresh fossil finds, the paleogeographic conditions during the Cambrian Period have been discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit beschreibt ausführlich die kambrische Stratigraphie Indiens. Anhand neuer Fossilfunde werden die paläogeographischen Bedingungen während der kambrischen Periode diskutiert.

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Résumé L'article décrit en détail la stratigraphie du Cambrien de l'Inde. Partant de nouvelles découvertes de fossiles, les auteurs discutent les conditions paléogégraphiques au cours de la période cambrienne.

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Turam response of a permeable inhomogeneous cylindrical conductor surrounded by a thin shell

Summary Electromagnetic response characteristics of an inhomogeneous permeable cylinder surrounded by a thin insulated concentric dissipative shell is obtained in presence of a line-source of current. The 3-layer boundary value problem is solved by assuming the thickness of the shell to be much smaller than the skin-depth in the shell. Numerically computed results are presented in the form of argand diagrams to examine the influence of the shell parameters (conductivity and its proximity with the core) and magnetic contrast. The multi-frequency response of the system is also given which resolves the two conducting layers and analyzes the frequency dependence of screening behavior of the shell.N.G.R.I. Contribution No. 282.     

Period characteristics of Pc1 pulsations observed at Ottawa

IMS data from Ottawa, Canada are analyzed to study the propagation characteristics of Pc1 pulsations. The majority of pulsations observed possessed periods of 1 second and lasted less than an hour. Shorter-period Pc1s are observed during the summer than during the winter. Periods of pulsations are also shorter during the noon hours than in the morning, and shorter during intervals of high magnetic activity. The diurnal variation of period at Ottawa is different from that at high-latitude stations. For Pc1s the calculated ratio of the spacing period to the pulse period at Ottawa is 86, in good agreement with values found for both higher- and lower-latitude stations. An IPDP (intervals of pulsations of diminishing periods) event occurred on April 19, 1977. The analysis supports the view that the energy dispersion of storm time protons, as well as the earthward movement of the instability region due to increasing magnetic activity, are involved in the production of such events. Earth Physics Branch Contribution No. 1087.     

Variability of Mixed-Layer Heights over the Indian Ocean and Central Arabian Sea during INDOEX, IFP-99

The upper air data collected from the balloon-borne GLASS Sondes launched from the Oceanic Research Vessel (ORV) Sagar Kanya during the Intensive Field Phase of the Indian Ocean experiment (INDOEX, IFP-99;SK-141 Cruise) are utilized forstudying the variability in the mixed-layer heights observed over the western tropical Indian Ocean and central Arabian Sea. During the entire cruise, typical daytime convective mixed-layer heights (roughly corresponding to 1400 LT) obtained from _V and q profiles, were observed to be in the range 200–900 m. Shallowmixed -layer heights are observed, in general, over the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Over the central Arabian Sea, vertical profiles of _V and q demonstrate a double mixed-layer structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), which gradually disappears close to the Indian coastline.     

Efficient encoding and decoding algorithms for distributed resampling

This paper discusses algorithms for compressing floating point data which is encountered while performing resampling algorithm for rectifying geometric distortions on the images transmitted by the remote sensing satellite on a distributed computing environment. Two efficient algorithms for encoding and decoding floating point data compression, (i) 3-byte packing and (ii) 3-byte + 2-bit packing have been proposed. Both algorithms are tested to execute resampling algorithm on radiometrically corrected for IRS- LISS-III 4 bands data on a distributed system. First algorithm compresses 4-byte floating point data to 3-byte obtaining 25% compression while later one compresses 4-byte floating point data to 3-byte + 2-bit achieving about 18.75% compression. The computational time is reduced by 22% as compared to the distributed resampling algorithms without compression. Further it is found that in lossy compression algorithm only 220 pixels out of 37.4 MB pixels have utmost one Gray count difference, which will not pose any issues for digital classification or any other methods that will be employed in the corrected image by Image Analysts.     

Scaling of strength reduction factors for degrading elasto‐plastic oscillators

The inelastic (design) spectra characterizing a seismic hazard are generally obtained by the scaling‐down of the elastic (design) spectra via a set of response modification factors. The component of these factors, which accounts for the ductility demand ratio, is known as the strength reduction factor (SRF), and the variation of this factor with initial period of the oscillator is called an SRF spectrum. This study considers scaling of the SRF spectrum in the case of an elasto‐plastic oscillator with strength and stiffness degradation characteristics. Two models are considered: one depending directly on the characterization of source and site parameters and the other depending on the normalized design spectrum characterization of the seismic hazard. The first model is the same as that proposed earlier by the second author, and is given in terms of earthquake magnitude, strong‐motion duration, predominant period, geological site conditions, ductility demand ratio, and ductility supply‐related parameter. The second model is a new model proposed here in terms of the normalized pseudo‐spectral acceleration values (to unit peak ground acceleration), ductility demand ratio and ductility supply‐related parameter. For each of these models, least‐square estimates of the coefficients are obtained through regression analyses of the data for 956 recorded accelerograms in western U.S.A. Parametric studies carried out with the help of these models confirm the dependence of SRFs on strong‐motion duration and earthquake magnitude besides predominant period and site conditions. It is also seen that degradation characteristics make a slight difference for high ductility demands and may lead to lower values of SRFs, unless the oscillators are very flexible. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An approach for GIS-based statistical landslide susceptibility zonation—with a case study in the Himalayas

Landslide susceptibility zonation (LSZ) is necessary for disaster management and planning development activities in mountainous regions. A number of methods, viz. landslide distribution, qualitative, statistical and distribution-free analyses have been used for the LSZ studies and they are again briefly reviewed here. In this work, two methods, the Information Value (InfoVal) and the Landslide Nominal Susceptibility Factor (LNSF) methods that are based on bivariate statistical analysis have been applied for LSZ mapping in a part of the Himalayas. Relevant thematic maps representing various factors (e.g., slope, aspect, relative relief, lithology, buffer zones along thrusts, faults and lineaments, drainage density and landcover) that are related to landslide activity, have been generated using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The LSZ derived from the LNSF method, has been compared with that produced from the InfoVal method and the result shows a more realistic LSZ map from the LNSF method which appears to conform to the heterogeneity of the terrain.