Removal of Bromate from Water Using De‐Acidite FF‐IP Resin and Determination by Ultra‐Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Contamination of water due to bromate is a severe health hazard. The aim of the present study was to remove bromate from water using a crosslinked polystyrene based strongly basic anion exchange resin De‐Acidite FF‐IP. Batch experiments were performed to study the influence of various experimental parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, temperature, and effect of competing anions on bromate removal by De‐Acidite FF‐IP resin. At optimum parameters, the removal rate of bromate was very fast and 90% removal took place in 5 min and equilibrium was established within 10 min. The presence of competitive anions reduced the bromate adsorption in the order of Cl^? > F^? > CO > SO > NO > PO. The practical utility of this resin has been demonstrated by removing bromate in some of the commercial bottled water from Saudi Arabia. The level of bromate was determined using a very sensitive, precise and rapid method based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tendem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS).     

Frequent central Pacific La Ni?a events may accelerate Arctic warming since the 1980s

Including significant warming trend, Arctic climate changes also exhibit strong interannual variations in various fields, which is suggested to be related to El Ni?o and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Previous studies have demonstrated the different impacts on the Arctic of central Pacific (CP) and eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO events, and suggested these impacts are largely of opposite sign for ENSO warm and cold phases. Our results illustrate asymmetrical changes for the cold and warm ENSO events, especially for the La Ni?a events. Compared to the past frequent basin-wide cooling La Ni?a events, since the 1980s the cooling center for the La Ni?a event has strengthened and moved westward along with the increasing frequency for the canonical and CP La Ni?a events. Contrary to the basin-wide cooling and canonical La Ni?a events, the frequent CP La Ni?a events induce significant warming from the Beaufort Sea to Greenland via the convection center moving northward over the western Pacific. Observation analysis and numerical experiments both suggest that the changes in La Ni?a type may also accelerate Arctic warming.     

柴北缘古近系－新近系沉积相特征及沉积模式

通过野外露头和岩心观察、薄片鉴定分析,结合测井和录井资料,对柴达木盆地北缘古近系-新近系的沉积相及其特征进行了深入研究。研究表明,该区主要发育冲积扇．辫状河．辫状河三角洲．滨浅湖沉积体系,建立了相应的辫状河相沉积序列及沉积模式、间歇性湖泊沉积相模式。研究区辫状河相发育两套不同地层,中下部广泛发育粒度粗的河床亚相沉积,河漫滩亚相发育不多;而中上部河床亚相沉积较少发育,粒度细的河漫滩亚相沉积则急剧增加。这是由于降水量及气候变化造成冲积扇及河流水动力变化形成的。这种变化还造成沉积物供应速率的变化以及湖平面升降的变化,导致湖盆湖岸线的迁移与河流及三角洲沉积范围的变迁,这种变迁最终造成了沉积序列上粒度粗细的频繁变化及有利储集岩和区域盖层的发育。     

延庆五里营动水位异常变化分析

延庆地震台五里营井动水位2010年1月13日15时48分突然大幅下降,7min下降0．47m,针对此异常变化,台站人员通过检查仪器运行、观测环境等多方面查找原因,逐项排除干扰因素,最后通过科学、系统的分析,判定此异常是由于地下泄流管破裂,造成水位迅速下降,非地震前兆异常,避免了误报地震,为水位异常判断积累了一定经验。     

The Runoff Declining Process and Water Quality in Songhuajiang River Catchment,China under Global Climatic Change

The runoff in Songhuajiang River catchment has experienced a decreasing trend during the second half of the 20th century. Serially complete daily rainfall data of 42 rainfall stations from 1959 to 2002 and daily runoff data of five meteorological stations from 1953 to 2005 were obtained. The Mann–Kendall trend test and the sequential version of Mann–Kendall test were employed in this study to test the monthly and annual trends for both rainfall and runoff, to determine the start point of abrupt runoff declining, and to identify the main driving factors of runoff decline. The results showed an insignificant increasing trend in rainfall but a significant decreasing trend in runoff in the catchment. For the five meteorological stations, abrupt runoff decline occurred during 1957–1963 and the middle 1990s. Through Mann–Kendall comparisons for the area‐rainfall and runoff for the two decreasing periods, human activity, rather than climatic change, is identified as the main driving factor of runoff decline. Analysis of land use/cover shows that farmland is most related with runoff decline among all the land use/cover change in Nenjiang catchment. From 1986 to 1995, the area of farmland increased rapidly from 6.99 to 7.61 million hm². Hydraulic engineering has a significant influence on the runoff decline in the second Songhuajiang catchment. Many large‐scale reservoirs and hydropower stations have been built in the upstream of the Second Songhuajiang and lead to the runoff decline. Nenjiang and the Second Songhuajiang are the two sources of mainstream of Songhuajiang. Decreased runoff in these two sub‐catchments then results in runoff decrease in mainstream of Songhuajiang catchment. It is, therefore, concluded that high percent agricultural land and hydraulic engineering are the most probable driving factors of runoff decline in Songhuajiang River catchment, China.     

Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Physical Properties in the Wind–Water Erosion Region of the Northern Loess Plateau of China

In the northern Loess Plateau that has been severely affected by wind–water erosion, shifts from arable land to forest or grasslands have been promoted since 1998, using both native and introduced vegetation. However, there is little knowledge of the ecological consequences and effectiveness of the vegetation restoration in the region. Therefore, relationships between watershed‐scale soil physical properties and plant recovery processes were analyzed. The results show that soil physical properties such as bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, mean weight diameter, and the stability of >1 mm macro‐aggregates have been significantly ameliorated in the 0–20 cm soil layer under secondary natural grasslands. In contrast, re‐vegetation with introduced species such as Caragana korshinskii or Medicago sativa had adversely affected the soil physical properties, probably due to the deterioration of soil water conditions and lower organic matter inputs resulting from severe erosion. Reductions in bulk density and increases in saturated hydraulic conductivity could be used as indicators of soil structure amelioration since they are closely related to most other measured properties. Practical considerations for future re‐vegetation projects are suggested, particularly that native species with lower water consumption rates than the introduced species should be used to avoid further soil degradation.     

A graphical model for haloanhydrite components and P-wave velocity: A case study of haloanhydrites in Amu Darya Basin

Wave velocities in haloanhydrites are difficult to determine and significantly depend on the mineralogy. We used petrophysical parameters to study the wave velocity in haloanhydrites in the Amur Darya Basin and constructed a template of the relation between haloanhydrite mineralogy (anhydrite, salt, mudstone, and pore water) and wave velocities. We used the relation between the P-wave moduli ratio and porosity as constraint and constructed a graphical model (petrophysical template) for the relation between wave velocity, mineral content and porosity. We tested the graphical model using rock core and well logging data.     

高频GNSS资料的强震震相识别与震中确定

利用2011日本东北Mw9.0地震和2008汶川Mw7.9地震若干台站的高频（1 Hz）GNSS观测资料,通过精密单点定位方法解算出地震发生时的位移形变波形。对位移波形一阶差分得到震时高频GNSS速度时间序列,采用S变换谱的方法对该速度时序进行地震波到时的拾取,即震相识别。将地震波拾取结果用于震中位置和发震时刻反演,并与美国地质调查局USGS公布的资料对比。结果发现,两者日本地震震中位置相差约16 km,发震时刻相差约0.7 s;汶川地震震中相差约4 km,发震时刻相差约0.4 s。