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191.
M.L. Litvak I.G. Mitrofanov A.B. Sanin W.V. Boynton D. Hamara R.S. Saunders 《Icarus》2006,180(1):23-37
In this paper, we have analyzed neutron spectroscopy data gathered by the High Energy Neutron Detector (HEND) instrument onboard Mars Odyssey for comparison of polar regions. It is known that observation of the neutron albedo of Mars provides important information about the distribution of water-ice in subsurface layers and about peculiarities of the CO2 seasonal cycle. It was found that there are large water-rich permafrost areas with contents of up to ∼50% water by mass fraction at both the north and south Mars polar regions. The water-ice layers at high northern latitudes are placed close to the surface, but in the south they are covered by a dry and relatively thick (10-20 cm) layer of soil. Analysis of temporal variations of neutron flux between summer and winter seasons allowed the estimation of the masses of the CO2 deposits which seasonally condense at the polar regions. The total mass of the southern seasonal deposition was estimated as 6.3×1015 kg, which is larger than the total mass of the seasonal deposition at the north by 40-50%. These results are in good agreement with predictions from the NASA Ames Research Center General Circulation Model (GCM). But, the dynamics of the condensation and sublimation processes are not quite as consistent with these models: the peak accumulation of the condensed mass of CO2 occurred 10-15 degrees of Ls later than is predicted by the GCM. 相似文献
192.
Lance B. Morrissey Philippe Janvier Simon J. Braddy John P. Bennett Susan B. Marriott Peter R. Tarrant 《Geology Today》2006,22(2):66-67
Armoured jawless fish, or 'ostracoderms', lived 450–360 million years ago, and display unusual morphologies, unlike any modern fish group. Since they left no living descendants, their mode of swimming has, until recently, remained speculative, although this is a crucial question as the first true pectoral fins evolved within the 'ostracoderms'. The discovery of the oldest-known fish trails, from the Early Devonian (400 million year old) 'Lower Old Red Sandstone' of south-east Wales offers new insights into the swimming behaviour of these early fish, notably the osteostracan 'ostracoderms' (or cephalaspids), whose horseshoe-shaped head and paddle-shaped pectoral fins have remained a functional riddle. 相似文献
193.
A. D. Biggs D. Rusin I. W. A. Browne A. G. de Bruyn N. J. Jackson L. V. E. Koopmans J. P. McKean S. T. Myers R. D. Blandford K.-H. Chae C. D. Fassnacht M. A. Norbury T. J. Pearson P. M. Phillips A. C. S. Readhead P. N. Wilkinson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,338(4):1084-1088
194.
195.
196.
C. S. M. Turney K. Van Den Burg S. Wastegrd S. M. Davies N. J. Whitehouse J. R. Pilcher C. Callaghan 《第四纪科学杂志》2006,21(4):335-345
High‐precision correlation of palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental records is crucial for testing hypotheses of synchronous change. Although radiocarbon is the traditional method for dating late Quaternary sedimentary sequences, particularly during the last glacial–interglacial transition (LGIT; 15–9 ka), there are inherent problems with the method, particularly during periods of climate change which are often accompanied by major perturbations in atmospheric radiocarbon content. An alternative method is the use of tephras that act as time‐parallel marker horizons. Within Europe, numerous volcanic centres are known to have erupted during the LGIT, providing considerable potential for high‐precision correlation independent of past radiocarbon fluctuations. Here we report the first identification of the Vedde Ash and Askja Tephra in Ireland, significantly extending the known provenance of these events. We have also identified two new horizons (the Roddans Port Tephras A and B) and tentatively recognise an additional horizon from Vallensgård Mose (Denmark) that provide crucial additional chronological control for the LGIT. Two phases of the Laacher See Tephra (LST) are reported, the lower Laacher See Tephra (LLST) and probably the C2 phase of the Middle Laacher See Tephra (MLST‐C2) indicating a more northeasterly distribution of this fan than reported previously. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
197.
We present predictions for the numbers of ultracool dwarfs in the Galactic disc population that could be detected by the WFCAM/UKIDSS Large Area Survey and Ultra Deep Survey. Simulated samples of objects are created with masses and ages drawn from different mass functions and birthrates. Each object is then given absolute magnitudes in different passbands based on empirically derived bolometric correction versus effective temperature relationships (or model predictions for Y dwarfs). These are then combined with simulated space positions, velocities and photometric errors to yield observables such as apparent magnitudes and proper motions. Such observables are then passed through the survey selection mechanism to yield histograms in colour. This technique also produces predictions for the proper motion histograms for ultracool dwarfs and estimated numbers for the as yet undetected Y dwarfs. Finally, it is shown that these techniques could be used to constrain the ultra-low-mass mass function and birthrate of the Galactic disc population. 相似文献
198.
199.
The supraregional GIS-supported stochastical model, WEKU, for the determination of groundwater residence times in the upper
aquifers of large groundwater provinces is presented. Using a two-dimensional analytical model of groundwater flow, groundwater
residence times are determined within two extreme cases. In the first case, maximal groundwater residence times are calculated,
representing the part of groundwater, that is drained by the main surface water of a groundwater catchment area. In the second
case, minimal groundwater residence times for drainage into the nearest surface water are determined. Using explicit distribution
functions of the input parameters, mean values as well as potential ranges of variations of the groundwater residence times
are derived. The WEKU model has been used for the determination of groundwater residence times throughout Germany. The model
results – mean values and deviations of the groundwater velocity and the maximal and minimal groundwater residence times in
the upper aquifers – are presented by general maps and discussed in detail. It is shown that the groundwater residence times
in the upper aquifer vary regionally, differentiated between less than 1 year and more than 2000 years. Using this information,
the time scales can be specified, until measures to remediate polluted groundwater resources may lead to a substantial groundwater
quality improvement in the different groundwater provinces of Germany. With respect to its supraregional scale of application,
the WEKU model may serve as a useful tool for the supraregional groundwater management on a state, federal or international
level.
Received: 15 August 1995 · Accepted: 15 October 1995 相似文献
200.
E. Tóth F. Deak C. S. Gyurkócza Z. S. Kasztovszky R. Kuczi G. Marx B. Nagy S. Oberstedt L. Sajó-Bohus C. S. Sükösd G. Toth N. Vajda 《Environmental Geology》1997,31(1-2):123-127
A steady radon exhalation is assumed in most publications. In a village of North-East Hungary, however, high radon concentrations
have been measured, differing strongly in neighbouring houses and varying in time, due to the interplay of geochemical phenomena.
Received: 20 November 1995 · Accepted: 18 June 1996 相似文献