Heat budget of air passing through a hot tunnel in northeastern Japan

Summary A geothermal and meteorological observation was carried out inside a hot tunnel (named Torigoe tunnel) penetrating through a volcanic zone in northeastern Japan, just after it has been penetrated. Rock wall surface temperature, some thermal properties of rock samples, temperature profile in slender pits drilled into the rock body, temperature of water flowing on the floor and the meteorological elements of air passing through the tunnel are contained in the observation.Introducing the coefficient of heat transfer determined from the Reynolds analogy for turbulent forced convection in a circular tube, the heat budget of the air-tunnel system is investigated with those observed data. The results show that the net sensible heat of 58.61 kW is drawn out from the tunnel by air passing through it and seems to be overcompensated by the net heat supply of 67.21 kW from the rock wall to air, while for the net latent heat removal of 101.56 kW by air the apparent undercompensation of 80.01 kW is found from the water flowing on the floor. Consideration is carried out on such excess and deficiency of heat supplies.

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Zusammenfassung In einem heißen Tunnel (dem Torigoe-Tunnel), der durch vulkanisches Gebiet im nordöstlichen Japan verläuft, wurden unmittelbar nach Tunneldurchstoß geothermische und meteorologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Temperatur der Gesteinsoberfläche, spezifische thermische Eigenschaften der Gesteinsproben, das Temperaturprofil von dünnen Bohrkernen, als auch die Temperatur des Wassers am Tunnelgrund und meteorologische Daten der Durchzugsluft werden in dieser Untersuchung berücksichtigt.Durch Einführung des durch die Reynolds-Analogie determinierten Wärmeaustauschkoeffizienten für turbulente, erzwungene Konvektion in einer kreisförmigen Röhre wird der Wärmehaushalt der Luft im Tunnelsystem unter Heranziehung der angeführten Daten untersucht. Die Resultate zeigen, daß 58.61 kW fühlbare Wärme dem Tunnel durch die Luft entzogen werden, die jedoch durch eine Zufuhr von 67.21 kW von der Felswand an die Luft abgegebener fühlbarer Wärme überkompensiert zu werden scheint, während der dauernden latenten Wärmeabfuhr durch die Luft von 101.56 kW eine Unterkompensierung von 80.01 kW durch das am Tunnelgrund fließende Wasser gegenübersteht. Die Folgen dieses Überschusses bzw. Defizites werden genauer diskutiert.

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With 5 Figures     

RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN Ca-PHOSPHATES OF ALLENDE CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITE

The Ca-phosphate phases in the Allende CV3 meteorite were selectively dissolved in ammoniacal EDTA solution and measured for abundances of the rare earth elements (REE) by radiochemical neutron activation and mass-spectrometric isotope dilution analyses. The REE abundances in CA-phosphates of Allende are remarkably different from those of ordinary chondrites. All the REE except Eu were observed to be enriched by factors of 50–100 relative to the C1 values. This is 3–4 times lower than concentrations of REE in the ordinary-chondrite phosphates. Allende phosphates have a small positive Eu anomaly, in contrast to the large negative Eu anomaly in phosphates from ordinary chondrites. Though the positive Eu anomaly in Allende Ca-phosphates is puzzling, the lack of a negative Eu anomaly in Allende Ca-phosphates suggests that they never have been in equilibrium with Allende coarse-grained Ca, Al-rich inclusions or their precursor materials.     

Space weathered rims found on the surfaces of the Itokawa dust particles

On the basis of observations using Cs‐corrected STEM, we identified three types of surface modification probably formed by space weathering on the surfaces of Itokawa particles. They are (1) redeposition rims (2–3 nm), (2) composite rims (30–60 nm), and (3) composite vesicular rims (60–80 nm). These rims are characterized by a combination of three zones. Zone I occupies the outermost part of the surface modification, which contains elements that are not included in the unchanged substrate minerals, suggesting that this zone is composed of sputter deposits and/or impact vapor deposits originating from the surrounding minerals. Redeposition rims are composed only of Zone I and directly attaches to the unchanged minerals (Zone III). Zone I of composite and composite vesicular rims often contains nanophase (Fe,Mg)S. The composite rims and the composite vesicular rims have a two‐layered structure: a combination of Zone I and Zone II, below which Zone III exists. Zone II is the partially amorphized zone. Zone II of ferromagnesian silicates contains abundant nanophase Fe. Radiation‐induced segregation and in situ reduction are the most plausible mechanisms to form nanophase Fe in Zone II. Their lattice fringes indicate that they contain metallic iron, which probably causes the reddening of the reflectance spectra of Itokawa. Zone II of the composite vesicular rims contains vesicles. The vesicles in Zone II were probably formed by segregation of solar wind He implanted in this zone. The textures strongly suggest that solar wind irradiation damage and implantation are the major causes of surface modification and space weathering on Itokawa.     

从悬浮质和沉降质的观点描述中国云南湖泊的化学动态变化

在对云南抚仙湖、星云湖和洱海3个高原湖怕进行地球化学和湖沼学调查，确定湖水中微粒的溶解浓度和化学成分，对沉降质和沉积物进行分析的基础上，对这些湖泊的化学动态变化进行了讨论。     

Heat discharge from summit crater of Mihara volcano, Ooshima, Japan

Using an infrared radiation thermometer, measurements by remote sensing were carried out for surface temperatures of the bottom-floor and wall of the central pit and its surrounding crater bottom of Mihara volcano, Ooshima, Japan. Isotherms for the wall of the central pit are compared with the thermal and other surface manifestations. Heat discharge from the summit crater of Mihara volcano is estimated on the basis of various meteorological and other techniques, and for convenience of computation it is divided into the following three categories; latent and sensible heat transferred by ascending volcanic gas; heat emitted from the bottom-floor and wall of the central pit; and heat transported conductively and convectively from the underground heat source through the western, southern and eastern parts of the crater bottom. The computed heat discharge is estimated to be 1.4 x 10⁷ cal s⁻¹, which is about one order of magnitude less than that of the minor eruption on 28 February 1974. The methodology developed here for estimation of the heat discharge from a volcano can also be applied to other volcanoes.     

TEM Response of a Large Loop Source over a Homogeneous Earth Model: A Generalized Expression for Arbitrary Source-Receiver Offsets

In the present research, an attempt is made to derive the generalized expressions for the transient electromagnetic response of a large loop source over the surface of a homogeneous earth model for arbitrary receiver positions inside or outside the source loop. Expressions are derived for the impulse as well as step excitations of the source loop. As a cross check for validity of expressions, the step response expression is obtained from the impulse response expression and vice versa. Computations are performed for the TEM response over a homogeneous earth model for source-receiver offset (r = 0) pertinent to the central loop configuration and the results are compared with the published results for the central loop TEM responses. The results are in well coincidence with each other and thus provide the check for the authenticity of the expressions. To exemplify the nature of TEM response at various source receiver offsets, results are presented for the TEM response at source receiver offsets r = 0, r = a/2, r = a and r = 2a, 6a, 12a pertaining to the central loop, in-loop, on-loop and offset loop configurations, respectively. The results depict their characteristic variations. At receiver positions inside the loop source, both the impulse as well as step responses are of same sign, whereas at the receiver positions outside the loop source, both the curves exhibit a change of sign that shifts towards the later times with increase in the offset distances. The change of sign in impulse response occurs at a relatively later time than that in the step response. This is the initial presentation of TEM response expressions for the large loop source over a homogeneous earth model for arbitrary receiver position inside and/ or outside the loop source except for the case of receiver at the center of the loop and at the coincident loop point. This research would be of immense use in the development and use of the large loop TEM method in its various configurations and thus would enhance the applicability and cost effectiveness of the large loop source TEM method.     

A preparation zone for volcanic explosions beneath Naka-dake crater,Aso volcano,as inferred from magnetotelluric surveys

The 1st crater of Naka-dake, Aso volcano, is one of the most active craters in Japan, and known to have a characteristic cycle of activity that consists of the formation of a crater lake, drying-up of the lake water, and finally a Strombolian-type eruption. Recent observations indicate an increase in eruptive activity including a decrease in the level of the lake water, mud eruptions, and red hot glows on the crater wall. Temporal variations in the geomagnetic field observed around the craters of Naka-dake also indicate that thermal demagnetization of the subsurface rocks has been occurring in shallow subsurface areas around the 1st crater. Volcanic explosions act to release the energy transferred from magma or volcanic fluids. Measurement of the subsurface electrical resistivity is a promising method in investigating the shallow structure of the volcanic edifices, where energy from various sources accumulates, and in investigating the behaviors of magma and volcanic fluids. We carried out audio-frequency magnetotelluric surveys around the craters of Naka-dake in 2004 and 2005 to determine the detailed electrical structure down to a depth of around 1 km. The main objective of this study is to identify the specific subsurface structure that acts to store energy as a preparation zone for volcanic eruption. Two-dimensional inversions were applied to four profiles across the craters, revealing a strongly conductive zone at several hundred meters depth beneath the 1st crater and surrounding area. In contrast, we found no such remarkable conductor at shallow depths beneath the 4th crater, which has been inactive for 70 years, finding instead a relatively resistive body. The distribution of the rotational invariant of the magnetotelluric impedance tensor is consistent with the inversion results. This unusual shallow structure probably reflects the existence of a supply path of high-temperature volcanic gases to the crater bottom. We propose that the upper part of the conductor identified beneath the 1st crater is mainly composed of hydrothermally altered zone that acts both as a cap to upwelling fluids supplied from deep-level magma and as a floor to infiltrating fluid from the crater lake. The relatively resistive body found beneath the 4th crater represents consolidated magma. These results suggest that the shallow conductor beneath the active crater is closely related to a component of the mechanism that controls volcanic activity within Naka-dake.     

Dynamics and hotspots of soil erosion and management scenarios of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Most of the lowland in the central rift valley of Ethiopia is arid or semiarid and in degradation,with frequent occurrence of droughts.Soil erosion by water during the rainy season is a serious problem...     

Aubrites and diogenites: Trace element clues to their origin

We have analyzed by RNAA 25 aubrite and 9 diogenite samples for 13 to 29 siderophile, volatile, and lithophile trace elements. Both meteorite classes show a typically igneous siderophile element pattern, with Ir, Os, Re, Ge more depleted than Au, Ni, Pd, Sb. But aubrites tend to have about 10 × higher abundances (10^?3 ? 10 ^{? 4} × Cl for the first 4 and 10^?2?10^?3 × Cl for the last 4 siderophiles), apparently reflecting smaller metal/silicate distribution coefficients at lowerf(O₂), or less complete segregation of metal. Se is surprisingly abundant in aubrites (up to 0.4 × Cl), but Te is less so ($\text{Se}\text{Te}\text{? 5 × Cl}$), apparently due to its stronger siderophile character. Other volatiles (Ag, Zn, In, Cd, Bi, T1) show depletions intermediate between lunar dunite and the Earth's mantle.Of 7 aubrites analyzed for REE (Ce, Nd, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu), 6 are depleted in REE (0.08?0.5 × Cl) and 5 show negative Eu anomalies (the exceptions are Bishopville and Mt. Egerton silicate). This supports an igneous origin, as already noted by Boynton and Schmitt (1972). No samples of the complementary, basaltic and feldspathic rocks have been found thus far, but one of our samples of Khor Temiki dark is a candidate for the basalt. It is 5?7 × enriched in REE and only slightly less so in Rb, Cs, and U. Though shocked and enriched in siderophiles to ~0.05 × Cl, it apparently represents a new meteorite class.Three diogenites analyzed for REE show very diverse patterns, from strongly depleted in light REE for Tatahouine (Ce = 0.01 × Cl) to flat for Garland (~2.5 × Cl). The data confirm the trends found by Fukuokaet al. (1977) as well as their interpretations.Factor analysis shows several parallel groupings for aubrites and diogenites: siderophiles (Re, Ir, Os, Pd, Ge), chalcophiles (Se, Te), volatiles (Ag, In, Tl) and incompatibles (U, REE, and Cs or Rb). But there are some differences for elements such as Ni, Sb, Cd, Bi, Au, and Zn, most of which behave more sensibly in aubrites than in diogenites.Several element pairs that differ greatly in volatility (Cs-U, Ge-Ir) correlate closely in aubrites, in approximately Cl-chondrite proportions. These correlations, and other lines of evidence, suggest strongly that aubrites originated by igneous processes in their parent body, not by direct nebular condensation. The source material may have resembled EL chondrites in oxidation state and depletion of refractories, metal, and volatiles.