Vlf experiment with the interkosmos-5 satellite

Summary The Interkosmos5 VLF experiment consisted of a spectrum analyser with twelve narrow-band channels and broadband measurements between0.07 and20 kHz using an analogue telemetry with a tape recorder on board. The apparatus used in the experiment is shortly described, some examples ofVLF phenomena observed are given and a review of all analogue data recorded is shown in a graphical calendar.     

Über die Verteilung der aus Gezeitenbeobachtungen bestimmten gravimetrischen Faktoren in Europa

auamaumuu am, n u a¶rt;u nuu n ¶rt;a ₂, ₂, ₁ u ₁ (u. 1–4). na ¶rt;a ¶rt;am au ¶rt;um au an¶rt;u mu naam. a n¶rt;aam unam nu nuu nna m uu u u mmu mam ¶rt; uu u a a mau n.

---

---

Vorgetragen am 2. Internationalen Symposium Geodäsie und Physik der Erde, Potsdam, Mai 1973.     

The effect of initial data in adjusting conditional observations

Summary In the introduction the effect of neglecting the accuracy of the initial data is mentioned in adjusting conditional observations, because this essentially causes the accuracy of the adjusted quantities to be overrated. The effect of changes (errors) of the initial data is investigated for two cases: a) when the initial data are given, unmeasured quantities; b) when the initial data are given and measured quantities which form the conditions of adjustment (e.g., gyrotheodolite directional angles). This effect was rejected in a change of the corrections, in the vrst case according to (14), and in the second according to (18). The effect of the changes (errors) of the initial data was also investigated with regard to the matrix of the co-factors of the adjusted quantities. This matrix, taking into account the errors of the initial data described by matrixQww, and the errors of the measurements themselves, described by matrix (26), is expressed by (31).Dedicated to 90th Birthday of Professor Frantiek Fiala     

Genetische Probleme der Zinn-Wolfram-Vererzung im Erzgebirge

Zusammenfassung Die Zinnvererzungen im Erzgebirge stehen in engen räumlichen Beziehungen zu den Granitkontakten. Dieses Merkmal wird durch eine strukturelle Rolle der konsolidierten Endokontaktpartien der Granite beim Aufstieg der Erzlösungen erklärt. Die Mineralisationslösungen stammen aus den tieferen Teilen der Erdkruste; die Lagerstätten stehenin einer paragenetischen Stellung zu den Graniten. Die Zinn-Wolfram Mineralisation verlief in mehreren Mineralisationsstadien. In den Quarzgängen konnte eine deutliche innere Gangmetasomatose beobachtet werden, bei der ine ältere Quarzgangfüllung verdrängt wurde. Die symmetrischen Salbänder mancher Mineralien um die Quarzgänge sind durch Verdrängung des Quarzes vom Gangkontakt aus gebildet worden. Die Abschnitte der Quarzgänge mit Feldspäten die den Pegmatiten sehr ähnlich sehen, sind durch Metasomatose nach der Greisenbildung entstanden. Die Granitbildung wurde von extensiven Nebengesteinsumwandlungen begleitet bei der Kalifeldspatbildung (I–II), Albitisierung, Vergreisung, Serizitisierung, Kaolinitisierung, und Hämatitisierung unterschieden werden. Die wichtigsten geologischen und mineralogischen Merkmale der Lagerstätten sind in Tabellen zusammengefaßt.

---

The tin-tungsten mineralization in the Kruné hory Mts. /Erzgebirge shows a close spatial association with the granite contacts. This feature is explained by the structural control of solid endocontact part of the granite bodies for the import of postmagmatic solutions. The mineralizing solutions were derived from the deeper parts of the earth's crust, the ore deposits being thus in a paragenetic position to the granites. The tin-tungsten mineralization occurred during an interrupted process of metallization in the course of several stages. In the quartz veins a distinct intravenous metasomatism was observed with the replacement of earlier quartz vein fillings. The symmetrical selvages of some minerals around quartz veins originated by the replacement of quartz from the wall contact. The sections of the quartz veins with felspars resembling very closely the pegmatites were formed by the post-greisen metasomatism of the quartz veins. The emplacement of granites was accompanied by extensive wall- rock alterations of which potash- felspatization (I and II), albitization, greisenization, sericitization, kaolinization and hematitization were distinguished. The main geological and mineralogical features of the deposits are summarized in tables.

     

Structural control and history of origin of hydrothermal metallogeny in western Cuba

The main structural-lithological factors responsible for the localization of hydrothermal mineralization on a regional, as well as on a local scale in the metallogenic province of western Cuba are summarized. The supply function of regional fault structures extending towards depth is emphasized and light is thrown on the localization of hydrothermal veins in fissures of the folded San Cayetano Formation. Stress has been laid on the genetic and chronological independence of pyrite bodies and hydrothermal veins. Six mineralization stages have been defined and their general succession in the metallogenic area under consideration has been determined.

---

Resumen Los factores principales litológico-estructurales, que causan la predisposición de la localización de los yacimientos hidrotermales en las dimensiones regionales y locales en la region de Cuba occidental, están sumarizados. La importancia de las dislocaciones regionales para el aporte de las soluciones hidrotermales está subrayada y las causas de la localización de las vetas hidrotermales en las ac-grietas de la formacion plegada de San Cayetano están aclaradas. La independencia genética y cronológica de los cuerpos de pirita y de las vetas hidrotermales polimetálicas está discutida. Seis estados de la mineralización hidrotermal están identificados y la succesión de la validez general para toda la region metalogenética de Cuba occidental está construida.

     

Differences between Mean Sea Levels for the Pacific,Atlantic and Indian Oceans From Topex/Poseidon Altimetry

Geopotential values W of the mean equipotential surfaces representing the mean ocean topography were computed on the basis of four years (1993 - 1996) TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data: W = 62 636 854.10m ² s ^–2 for the Pacific (P), W = 62 636 858.20m ² s ^–2 for the Atlantic (A), W = 62 636 856.28m ²s^–2 for the Indian (I) Oceans. The corresponding mean separations between the ocean levels were obtained as follows: A – P = – 42 cm, I– P = – 22 cm, I – A = 20 cm, the rms errors came out at about 0.3 cm. No sea surface topography model was used in the solution.     

An Estimate of Microwave low-Brightness-Temperature Regions' Heights Obtained Measuring Their Rotation Velocity

Daily full-disk solar maps obtained at 37 GHz in the years 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991 are analysed and compared with full-disk solar maps in H. A search for a difference in the measured angular rotation velocity for two classes of microwave low-brightness-temperature regions (LTRs), associated and not associated with H filaments, is performed. Procedures with and without statistical weights, assigned to angular rotation velocities according to the tracing time, are applied and the statistical significance of the results is discussed. A higher angular rotation velocity is measured for LTRs associated with H filaments than for the not-associated ones. This angular velocity difference is interpreted as a consequence of a height difference between these two types of LTR tracers. Changes of the solar differential rotation velocity during the activity cycle measured using LTRs as tracers are explained by the measured cycle-dependence of the association rate between LTRs and H filaments. Similarly, the north–south asymmetry in the solar rotation velocity measured tracing LTRs is explained by the measured north–south asymmetry in the association rate between LTRs and H filaments. The rotation velocity of LTRs and H filaments is on the average more rigid in comparison with sunspots.     

A two-stage time series model for monthly hydrological projections under climate change in the Lim River basin (southeast Europe)

ABSTRACT

Climate change projections of precipitation and temperature suggest that Serbia could be one of the most affected regions in southeastern Europe. To prepare adaptation measures, the impact of climate changes on water resources needs to be assessed. Pilot research is carried out for the Lim River basin, in southeastern Europe, to predict monthly flows under different climate scenarios. For estimation of future water availability, an alternative approach of developing a deterministic-stochastic time series model is chosen. The proposed two-stage time series model consists of several components: trend, long-term periodicity, seasonality and the stochastic component. The latter is based on a transfer function model with two input variables, precipitation and temperature, as climatic drivers. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency for the observed period 1950–2012 is 0.829. The model is applied for the long-term hydrological prediction under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) emissions scenarios for the future time frame 2013–2070.