Surface circulation derived from drifting buoys in mid- and low-latitude Pacific

1 INTRODUCTION Measuring the velocity of ocean currents is one of the most important tasks in physical oceanography research. Many centuries ago, mariners had begun to obtain the sea surface cur- rents from vessel drift records. As early as in 1870s instr…     

PL-RTK:一个基于伪卫星的实时动态定位系统

介绍了一个伪卫星实时动态定位系统PL-RTK。PL-RTK中,伪卫星星座由一组（不小于4）商业GPS L1信号发射器组成,基准站和流动站均采用商业GPS接收机,数据链采用无线局域网（WLAN）,伪卫星星座之间的时频统一通过控制中心进行调控。PL-RTK需要在已知点上进行静态初始化。实验结果表明,PL-RTK平面方向的定位精度优于1.0cm,高程方向的定位精度优于1.1cm。     

陆地生态系统土壤呼吸、氮矿化对气候变暖的响应

土壤呼吸和氮矿化对气候变暖的响应是影响陆地生态系统碳收支的主要因素之一,也是当前全球变化研究的主要内容之一。短期内温度升高能明显提高土壤呼吸速率,随着温度的进一步升高和升温时间的延长,土壤呼吸速率对温度升高的敏感性可能逐渐降低。由于土壤呼吸的温度敏感性与土壤水分含量、气候、植被、凋落物等多种因素有关,并随时间和空间的变化而变化,因此,用一个固定的Q10（土壤呼吸的温度敏感系数）来计算土壤呼吸对温度升高响应的量,会给研究结果带来很大的不确定性。生态系统对气候变暖的响应除了直接的反应外,还具有复杂的适应性。尽管模拟研究表明未来气候变暖将使土壤呼吸增加,但是有关土壤呼吸对气候变化适应性的试验数据比较少,对未来气候变化背景下土壤呼吸的模拟仍有很大的不确定性。气候变暖将促进土壤氮素的矿化速率,其影响程度的强弱不仅与温度有关,而且与土壤基质的质量与数量、土壤水分、升温持续的时间等有关,这使目前有关研究结果出现了很大的不确定性。针对上述研究中存在的问题,今后应统一土壤呼吸的测定方法,区分土壤呼吸各组分对温度升高的响应,在研究土壤呼吸和氮矿化对温度升高的响应时结合考虑其它因素能在一定程度上减少研究结果的不确定性。     

中国山地垂直带信息图谱的探讨

通过构建山地垂直带谱数据结构,实现了垂直带谱数字化,增强了垂直带谱的可视化;提出了垂直带谱的三级体系：以基带区分一级带谱,以特征垂直带区分二级带谱,以垂直带组合结构、优势垂直带及垂直高度及宽度区分三级带谱;概括出山地垂直带谱的7种变化模式：同构模式、结构递减模式、突变模式、纬向递减模式、经向减升模式、阶梯递增模式和高原叠加模式;归纳出垂直带谱的5种生态类型：与自然地带相联系的顶极带谱、与主要山地相联系的基本带谱、与特殊地生态现象相联系的过渡／特殊带谱、与人类干扰相联系的扰动带谱,以及与强烈人类活动相联系的次生带谱。深入比较和分析垂直带信息图谱,可以揭示更多的地学信息。     

四川省铜街子电站水库诱发地震

本文详细介绍了铜街子电站水库诱发地震的活动特征，结合地质构造对诱发成因进行了初步探讨，并就该区地震的发展趋势作了估计。这是四川省首次获得该水库蓄水期库区的微震观测资料。     

MCC和中尺度暴雨云团发生发展环境场对比分析

本文采用气候倾向率、趋势系数、距平、Mann—Kendall检验等方法,通过对滁州市日照变化的研究,结果表明：滁州市年日照时数变化总趋势是减少的,气候倾向率为-123．52h,10a,减少趋势非常明显,发生了突变。1979年是突变的开始年份,突变后减少了393．3h。季日照时数,夏季减少最快,春季减少最慢;月日照时数8月减少最快,4月减少最慢。季平均日照时数,夏季最多,冬季最少。各季节日照时数的突变特征不尽相同。     

Multi-scale observation and cross-scale mechanistic modeling on terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle

To predict global climate change and to implement the Kyoto Protocol for stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gases concentrations require quantifying spatio-temporal variations in the terrestrial carbon sink accurately. During the past decade multi-scale ecological experiment and observation networks have been established using various new technologies (e.g. controlled environmental facilities, eddy covariance techniques and quantitative remote sensing), and have obtained a large amount of data about terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. However, uncertainties in the magnitude and spatio-temporal variations of the terrestrial carbon sink and in understanding the underlying mechanisms have not been reduced significantly. One of the major reasons is that the observations and experiments were conducted at individual scales independently, but it is the interactions of factors and processes at different scales that determine the dynamics of the terrestrial carbon sink. Since experiments and observations are always conducted at specific scales, to understand cross-scale interactions requires mechanistic analysis that is best to be achieved by mechanistic modeling. However, mechanistic ecosystem models are mainly based on data from single-scale experiments and observations and hence have no capacity to simulate mechanistic cross-scale interconnection and interactions of ecosystem processes. New-generation mechanistic ecosystem models based on new ecological theoretical framework are needed to quantify the mechanisms from micro-level fast eco-physiological responses to macro-level slow acclimation in the pattern and structure in disturbed ecosystems. Multi-scale data-model fusion is a recently emerging approach to assimilate multi-scale observational data into mechanistic, dynamic modeling, in which the structure and parameters of mechanistic models for simulating cross-scale interactions are optimized using multi-scale observational data. The models are validated and evaluated at different spatial and temporal scales and real-time observational data are assimilated continuously into dynamic modeling for predicting and forecasting ecosystem changes realistically. in summary, a breakthrough in terrestrial carbon sink research requires using approaches of multi-scale observations and cross-scale modeling to understand and quantify interconnections and interactions among ecosystem processes at different scales and their controls over ecosystem carbon cycle.     

An Examination of the Predictability of Tropical Cyclone Genesis in High-Resolution Coupled Models with Dynamically Downscaled Coupled Data Assimilation Initialization

Predicting tropical cyclone(TC) genesis is of great societal importance but scientifically challenging. It requires fineresolution coupled models that properly represent air-sea interactions in the atmospheric responses to local warm sea surface temperatures and feedbacks, with aid from coherent coupled initialization. This study uses three sets of highresolution regional coupled models(RCMs) covering the Asia-Pacific(AP) region initialized with local observations and dynamically downscaled coup...     

A comparison between simulated and measured CO2 and water flux in a subtropical coniferous forest

Using data from eddy covariance measurements in a subtropical coniferous forest, a test and evaluation have been made for the model of Carbon Exchange in the Vegetation-Soil-Atmosphere (CEVSA) that simulates energy transfers and water, carbon and nitrogen cycles based on ecophysiological processes. In the present study, improvement was made in the model in calculating LAI, carbon allocation among plant organs, litter fall, decomposition and evapotranspiration. The simulated seasonal variations in carbon and water vapor flux were consistent with the measurements. The model explained 90% and 86% of the measured variations in evapotranspiration and soil water content. However, the modeled evapotranspiration and soil water content were lower than the measured systematically, because the model assumed that water was lost as runoff if it was beyond the soil saturation water content, but the soil at the flux site with abundant rainfall is often above water saturated. The improved model reproduced 79% and 88% of the measured variations in gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R _e), but only 31% of the variations in measured net ecosystem exchange (NEP) despite the fact that the modeled annual NEP was close to the observation. The modeled NEP was generally lower in winter and higher in summer than the observations. The simulated responses of photosynthesis and respiration to water vapor deficit at high temperatures were different from measurements. The results suggested that the improved model underestimated ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration in extremely condition. The present study shows that CEVSA can simulate the seasonal pattern and magnitude of CO₂ and water vapor fluxes, but further improvement in simulating photosynthesis and respiration at extreme temperatures and water deficit is required.

     

Warming trend in northern East China Sea in recent four decades

Global warming has become a notable trend especially since an abrupt climate change in 1976. Response of the East China Sea (ECS) to the global warming trend, however, is not well understood because of sparse long-term observation. In this paper, hydrographic observation data of 1957–1996 are collected and reviewed to study climatological variability in northern ECS. Significant warming trends are found in both summer and winter. In summer, the average SST is about 0.46°C higher during the period of 1977-19...