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61.
Li-Sr-Nd isotope signatures of the plume and cratonic lithospheric mantle beneath the margin of the rifted Tanzanian craton (Labait) 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Sonja Aulbach Roberta L. Rudnick William F. McDonough 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(1):79-92
Lithium concentrations and isotopic compositions of olivine and 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd of coexisting clinopyroxene from peridotite xenoliths from the Quaternary Labait volcano, Tanzania, document the influence
of rift-related metasomatism on the ancient cratonic mantle. Olivines show negative correlations between Fo content and both
δ7Li and Li concentrations. Olivines in iron-rich peridotites (Fo85–87) have high Li concentrations (3.2–4.8 ppm) and heavy δ7Li (+5.2 to +6.6). In contrast, olivines in ancient, refractory peridotites have lower Li concentrations (∼2 ppm) and relatively
light δ7Li (+2.6 to +3.5). This reflects mixing between ancient, refractory cratonic lithosphere and asthenosphere-derived rift magmas.
A uniquely fertile, deformed, high-temperature garnet lherzolite, interpreted to be from the base of the lithosphere, has
a 87Sr/86Sr of 0.7029 and 143Nd/144Nd of 0.51286, similar to HIMU oceanic basalts. It provides the best estimate of the Sr–Nd isotope composition of the upwelling
mantle (i.e., plume, sensu lato) underlying this portion of the East African Rift, and is slightly less radiogenic compared
to previous estimates of the plume that were based on rift basalts. Although elevated δ7Li are not exclusive to HIMU source regions, the data collectively indicate that the plume beneath Labait has HIMU characteristics
in Sr, Nd and Li isotope composition.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
62.
Yuan-Bao Wu Shan Gao Hong-Fei Zhang Sai-Hong Yang Wen-Fang Jiao Yong-Sheng Liu Hong-Lin Yuan 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(1):123-133
The Hong’an area (western Dabie Mountains) is the westernmost terrane in the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogen that preserves UHP
eclogites. The ages of the UHP metamorphism have not been well constrained, and thus hinder our understanding of the tectonic
evolution of this area. LA-ICPMS U–Pb age, trace element and Hf isotope compositions of zircons of a granitic gneiss and an
eclogite from the Xinxian UHP unit in the Hong’an area were analyzed to constrain the age of the UHP metamorphism. Most zircons
are unzoned or show sector zoning. They have low trace element concentrations, without significant negative Eu anomalies.
These metamorphic zircons can be further subdivided into two groups according to their U–Pb ages, and trace element and Lu–Hf
isotope compositions. One group with an average age of 239 ± 2 Ma show relatively high and variable HREE contents (527 ≥ LuN ≥ 14) and 176Lu/177Hf ratios (0.00008–0.000931), indicating their growth prior to a great deal of garnet growth in the late stage of continental
subduction. The other group yields an average age of 227 ± 2 Ma, and shows consistent low HREE contents and 176Lu/177Hf ratios, suggesting their growth with concurrent garnet crystallization and/or recrystallization. These two groups of age
are taken as recording the time of prograde HP to UHP and retrograde UHP–HP stages, respectively. A few cores have high Th/U
ratios, high trace element contents, and a clear negative Eu anomaly. These features support a magmatic origin of these zircon
cores. The upper intercept ages of 771 ± 86 and 752 ± 70 Ma for the granitic gneiss and eclogite, respectively, indicate that
their protoliths probably formed as a bimodal suite in rifting zones in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block. Young Hf
model ages (T
DM1) of magmatic cores indicate juvenile (mantle-derived) materials were involved in their protolith formation.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
63.
We present the software program THERIA_G, which allows for numerical simulation of garnet growth in a given volume of rock
along any pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) path. THERIA_G assumes thermodynamic equilibrium between the garnet rim and the rock matrix during growth and accounts for
component fractionation associated with garnet formation as well as for intracrystalline diffusion within garnet. In addition,
THERIA_G keeps track of changes in the equilibrium phase relations, which occur during garnet growth along the specified P–T–t trajectory. This is accomplished by the combination of two major modules: a Gibbs free energy minimization routine is used
to calculate equilibrium phase relations including the volume and composition of successive garnet growth increments as P and T and the effective bulk rock composition change. With the second module intragranular multi-component diffusion is modelled
for spherical garnet geometry. THERIA_G allows to simulate the formation of an entire garnet population, the nucleation and
growth history of which is specified via the garnet crystal size frequency distribution. Garnet growth simulations with THERIA_G
produce compositional profiles for the garnet porphyroblasts of each size class of a population and full information on equilibrium
phase assemblages for any point along the specified P–T–t trajectory. The results of garnet growth simulation can be used to infer the P–T–t path of metamorphism from the chemical zoning of garnet porphyroblasts. With a hypothetical example of garnet growth in a
pelitic rock we demonstrate that it is essential for the interpretation of the chemical zoning of garnet to account for the
combined effects of the thermodynamic conditions of garnet growth, the nucleation history and intracrystalline diffusion.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
F. GaidiesEmail: |
64.
David M. Hirsch 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(4):401-415
Garnet-bearing schists from the Waterville Formation of south-central Maine provide an opportunity to examine the factors
governing porphyroblast size over a range of metamorphic grade. Three-dimensional sizes and locations for all garnet porphyroblasts
were determined for three samples along the metamorphic field gradient spanning lowest garnet through sillimanite grade, using
high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Comparison of crystal size distributions to previous data sets obtained by stereological
methods for the same samples reveals significant differences in mode, mean, and shape of the distributions. Quantitative textural
analysis shows that the garnets in each rock crystallized in a diffusion-controlled nucleation and growth regime. In contrast
to the typical observation of a correlation between porphyroblast size and position along a metamorphic field gradient, porphyroblast
size of the lowest-grade specimen is intermediate between the high- and middle-grade specimens’ sizes. Mean porphyroblast
size does not correlate with peak temperatures from garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange thermometry, nor is post-crystallization
annealing (Ostwald Ripening) required to produce the observed textures, as was previously proposed for these rocks. Robust
pseudosection calculations fail to reproduce the observed garnet core compositions for two specimens, suggesting that these
calc-pelites experienced metasomatism. For each of these two specimens, Monte Carlo calculations suggest potential pre-metasomatism
bulk compositions that replicate garnet core compositions. Pseudosection analyses allow the estimation of the critical temperatures
for garnet growth: ∼481, ∼477, and ∼485°C for the lowest-garnet-zone, middle-garnet-zone, and sillimanite-zone specimens,
respectively. Porphyroblast size appears to be determined in this case by a combination of the heating rate during garnet
crystallization, the critical temperature for the garnet-forming reaction and the kinetics of nucleation. Numerical simulations
of thermally accelerated, diffusion-controlled nucleation, and growth for the three samples closely match measured crystal
size distributions. These observations and simulations suggest that previous hypotheses linking the garnet size primarily
to the temperature at the onset of porphyroblast nucleation can only partially explain the observed textures. Also important
in determining porphyroblast size are the heating rate and the distribution of favorable nucleation sites. 相似文献
65.
Silicon isotope fractionation in bamboo and its significance to the biogeochemical cycle of silicon 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A systematic investigation on silica contents and silicon isotope compositions of bamboos was undertaken. Seven bamboo plants and related soils were collected from seven locations in China. The roots, stem, branch and leaves for each plant were sampled and their silica contents and silicon isotope compositions were determined. The silica contents and silicon isotope compositions of bulk and water-soluble fraction of soils were also measured. The silica contents of studied bamboo organs vary from 0.30% to 9.95%. Within bamboo plant the silica contents show an increasing trend from stem, through branch, to leaves. In bamboo roots the silica is exclusively in the endodermis cells, but in stem, branch and leaves, the silica is accumulated mainly in epidermal cells. The silicon isotope compositions of bamboos exhibit significant variation, from −2.3‰ to 1.8‰, and large and systematic silicon isotope fractionation was observed within each bamboo. The δ30Si values decrease from roots to stem, but then increase from stem, through branch, to leaves. The ranges of δ30Si values within each bamboo vary from 1.0‰ to 3.3‰. Considering the total range of silicon isotope composition in terrestrial samples is only 7‰, the observed silicon isotope variation in single bamboo is significant and remarkable. This kind of silicon isotope variation might be caused by isotope fractionation in a Rayleigh process when SiO2 precipitated in stem, branches and leaves gradually from plant fluid. In this process the Si isotope fractionation factor between dissolved Si and precipitated Si in bamboo (αpre-sol) is estimated to be 0.9981. However, other factors should be considered to explain the decrease of δ30Si value from roots to stem, including larger ratio of dissolved H4SiO4 to precipitated SiO2 in roots than in stem. There is a positive correlation between the δ30Si values of water-soluble fractions in soils and those of bulk bamboos, indicating that the dissolved silicon in pore water and phytoliths in soil is the direct sources of silicon taken up by bamboo roots. A biochemical silicon isotope fractionation exists in process of silicon uptake by bamboo roots. Its silicon isotope fractionation factor (αbam-wa) is estimated to be 0.9988. Considering the distribution patterns of SiO2 contents and δ30Si values among different bamboo organs, evapotranspiration may be the driving force for an upward flow of a silicon-bearing fluid and silica precipitation. Passive silicon uptake and transportation may be important for bamboo, although the role of active uptake of silicic acid by roots may not be neglected. The samples with relatively high δ30Si values all grew in soils showing high content of organic materials. In contrast, the samples with relatively low δ30Si values all grew in soil showing low content of organic materials. The silicon isotope composition of bamboo may reflect the local soil type and growth conditions. Our study suggests that bamboos may play an important role in global silicon cycle. 相似文献
66.
Quantitative sinkhole hazard assessments in karst areas allow calculation of the potential sinkhole risk and the performance
of cost-benefit analyses. These estimations are of practical interest for planning, engineering, and insurance purposes. The
sinkhole hazard assessments should include two components: the probability of occurrence of sinkholes (sinkholes/km2 year) and the severity of the sinkholes, which mainly refers to the subsidence mechanisms (progressive passive bending or
catastrophic collapse) and the size of the sinkholes at the time of formation; a critical engineering design parameter. This
requires the compilation of an exhaustive database on recent sinkholes, including information on the: (1) location, (2) chronology
(precise date or age range), (3) size, and (4) subsidence mechanisms and rate. This work presents a hazard assessment from
an alluvial evaporite karst area (0.81 km2) located in the periphery of the city of Zaragoza (Ebro River valley, NE Spain). Five sinkholes and four locations with features
attributable to karstic subsidence where identified in an initial investigation phase providing a preliminary probability
of occurrence of 0.14 sinkholes/km2 year (11.34% in annual probability). A trenching program conducted in a subsequent investigation phase allowed us to rule
out the four probable sinkholes, reducing the probability of occurrence to 0.079 sinkholes/km2 year (6.4% in annual probability). The information on the severity indicates that collapse sinkholes 10–15 m in diameter
may occur in the area. A detailed study of the deposits and deformational structures exposed by trenching in one of the sinkholes
allowed us to infer a modern collapse sinkhole approximately 12 m in diameter and with a vertical throw of 8 m. This collapse
structure is superimposed on a subsidence sinkhole around 80 m across that records at least 1.7 m of synsedimentary subsidence.
Trenching, in combination with dating techniques, is proposed as a useful methodology to elucidate the origin of depressions
with uncertain diagnosis and to gather practical information with predictive utility about particular sinkholes in alluvial
karst settings: precise location, subsidence mechanisms and magnitude, and timing and rate of the subsidence episodes. 相似文献
67.
Gregory P. Marchildon Suren Kulshreshtha Elaine Wheaton Dave Sauchyn 《Natural Hazards》2008,45(3):391-411
Agriculture in the southern Great Plains of Canada has been particularly vulnerable to prolonged episodes of drought. Using
climate data and a precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration index, the extent of the region’s exposure to drought
is examined. Between 1914 and 1917, the Dry Belt was particularly vulnerable to drought, whereas after 1928, a much larger
region known as the Palliser Triangle covering most of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan was much more exposed to drought.
These droughts provoked major institutional adaptation, in particular the establishment of the Special Areas Board by the
Government of Alberta, and the creation of the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration by the Government of Canada. Both
organizations have proved to be relatively permanent public adaptations to the natural hazard of drought in the region. Moreover,
these earlier experiences with prolonged drought as well as institution-building may be of value in helping the residents
of the Palliser Triangle adapt to predicted climate changes in the future as well as anticipate some of the barriers to effective
institutional adaptation. 相似文献
68.
Tidal inundation mapping under enhanced land subsidence in Semarang,Central Java Indonesia 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Tidal inundation by high tide under enhanced land subsidence is a damaging phenomenon and a major threat to the Semarang urban
area in Indonesia. It impacts on economic activities, as well as the cost of an emergency program and causes interruption
of pubic services, danger of infectious diseases and injury to human lives. This study examines a spatial analysis tool on
the GIS-raster system for the tidal inundation mapping based on the subsidence-benchmark data and modified detail digital
elevation model. Neighborhood operation and iteration model as a spatial analysis tool have been applied in order to calculate
the encroachment of the tidal inundation on the coastal area. The resulting map shows that the tidal flood spreads to the
lowland area and causes the inundation of coastal settlement, infrastructure, as well as productive agricultural land, i.e.,
the fish-pond area. The monitoring of the vulnerable area due to the tidal inundation under the scenario of extended land
subsidence plays an important role in long-term coastal zone management in Semarang. 相似文献
69.
The state of land subsidence and prediction approaches due to groundwater withdrawal in China 总被引:13,自引:6,他引:7
This article gives a general introduction to land subsidence with the prediction approaches due to withdrawal of groundwater
in three subsided/subsiding regions in China: the deltaic plain of Yangtse River (YRDP), North China Plain (NCP), and Fenwei
Plain (FP). On YRDP, Shanghai is the typical subsided/subsiding city; on NCP Tianjin is the typical subsided/subsiding city,
and on FP Taiyuan is the typical subsided/subsiding city. The subsided area with subsidence over 200 mm on YRDP is about 10,000 km2 and the maximum subsided value reached 2.9 m at Shanghai; on NCP the subsided area reached 60,000 km2 with the maximum subsidence of 3.9 m at Tianjing; on FP the subsided area is relatively smaller than that on the other two
plains and is about 1,135 km2 with maximum subsidence of 3.7 m at Taiyuan city. In order to protect the civil and industrial facilities, it is necessary
to predict the future development of land subsidence based on present state. Many researchers proposed several approaches
to predict the land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal according to different geological conditions and groundwater
withdrawal practice. This article classifies these approaches into five categories: (i) statistical methods; (ii) 1D numerical
method; (iii) quasi-3D seepage model; (iv) 3D seepage model; (v) fully coupled 3D model. In China, the former four categories
are presently employed in the prediction practice and their merits and demerits are discussed. According to the prediction
practice, 3D seepage model is the best method presently. 相似文献
70.
Rain-induced debris and mudflow triggering factors assessment in the Santiago cordilleran foothills,Central Chile 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Debris and mudflows are some of the main geological hazards in the mountain foothills of the Chilean capital city of Santiago.
There, the risk of flows triggered in the basins of ravines that drain the range into the city increases with time due to
the city growth. A multivariate statistical study based on the logistic regression method is presented. The model provides
equations that allow the computation of combined meteorological triggering factors associated with a probability of rain-induced
flow occurrence. Daily rainfall, accumulated rainfall and the snowfall level, traditionally considered as the relevant factors,
are analysed for a 25-year period. The results show a strong relevance of the rainfall on the day of the flow event over the
other factors. However, the relatively low probabilities returned for some real flow events suggest that the model does not
capture all the significant variables and the problem is more complex than as it has been traditionally assumed, and further
investigations are needed to develop predictive models of flow triggering. 相似文献