From the comprehensive study on the homogenization temperatures and the occurrence of fluid inclusions in the framework minerals of the strata between or above the Carboniferous–Permian coals in the Qinshui basin, Shanxi, three stages are predicted of hydrocarbon expulsion from the coals. Combined with the known history of basin evolution, it is deduced that the expulsion of hydrocarbons happened during the J1 (210–180 Ma), the early K1 (150–130 Ma) and K2E1 (110–60 Ma). In the early stage, the coals produced and discharged coal-generated oils. The average GOI value of four sandstone samples is relatively high, as they have been exposed to high paleo-oil saturation in the strata between or above the coals. The biomarker compositions of oil-bearing fluid inclusions are similar to those of extracts from the coals, and so it is concluded that those oils were derived from the same family of the coals. 相似文献
Sulfur oxides (SOX) emissions embodied in trade (SEET) may play an important role in affecting national responsibilities toward pollutant emission reduction within the context of global greenhouse gas emission policy. This paper analyzes the change of the SEET associated with energy consumption from the perspective of a country and a sector between 1995 and 2011, exploring the evolution characteristic of the sources and flows of the SEET for 39 countries, as well as measuring the production-based and consumption-based global SOX emissions’ inventory and investigating the impact of international trade on the allocation of national pollutant emissions’ reduction obligations. One important finding is that the volume of SOX emissions embodied in global trade increased dramatically from 1995 to 2011, and the global SOX emissions stemming from anthropogenic energy consumption are mostly from China and the USA. Another important finding is that, referring to specific sectors, whether seen from the total SEET or from the sources of SEET or from the total SOX emissions occurring from economic consumption and production, energy sectors, like electricity, gas, and water supply and coke, refined petroleum, and nuclear fuel, are the main contributors to the increase in the global SOX emissions. Notably, however, our results show that the sector of agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing should be allocated more SOX emission reduction responsibilities under a consumption-based emissions’ accounting inventory.
Based on relevant experimental data of a petroleum cement paste under mechanical loading and chemical leaching, an elastic‐plastic model is first proposed by taking into account plastic shearing and pore collapse. The degradation of mechanical properties induced by the chemical leaching is characterized by a chemical damage variable which is defined as the increase of porosity. Both elastic and plastic properties of the cement paste are affected by the chemical damage. The proposed model is calibrated from and applied to describe mechanical responses in triaxial compression tests respectively on sound and fully leached samples. In the second part, a phenomenological chemical model is defined to establish the relationship between porosity change and calcium dissolution process. The dissolution kinetics is governed by a diffusion law taking into account the variation of diffusion coefficient with calcium concentration. The chemical model is coupled with the mechanical model, and both are applied to describe mechanical response of cement paste samples subjected to progressive chemical leaching and compressive stresses. Comparisons between experimental data and numerical results are presented. 相似文献
Natural Hazards - The assessment of weathering degree of sandstone carvings plays an important role in scientific conservation. However, the current state of weathering assessment research cannot... 相似文献