天山奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川表面运动特征分析

奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川位于新疆奎屯市以南的天山依连哈比尔尕山北坡, 奎屯河上游支沟哈希勒根河源区. 1999年8月, 在该冰川上布设了用于冰川运动和冰川物质平衡观测研究的测杆18根, 并进行了冰川表面运动、冰川物质平衡和冰川末端变化的首次观测. 根据2000年8月和2001年8月的冰川运动观测资料, 分析了奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川的运动特征和冰舌末端的变化状况. 结果表明: 奎屯河51号冰川应属于亚大陆型冰川; 1999/2000年度和2000/2001年度的表面运动值不大, 最大流速点的年运动速度为3.15 ma-1; 运动速度垂直分量UZ的变化规律同乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川的变化规律相同, 即消融区的显出流作用和积累区的显入流作用. 该冰川的冰舌末端处于相对稳定的退缩状态, 1964-1999年间平均退缩量约为1.4 m*a-1, 而1999-2001年间的平均退缩量为5.0 m*a-1, 反映出冰川退缩增大的趋势.     

Effects of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region,China

The first-stage of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region (TRSR), China, has been in progress for eight years. However, because the ecological effects of this project remain unknown, decision making for future project implementation is hindered. Thus, in this study, we developed an index system to evaluate the effects of the ecological restoration project, by integrating field observations, remote sensing, and process-based models. Effects were assessed using trend analyses of ecosystem structures and services. Results showed positive trends in the TRSR since the beginning of the project, but not yet a return to the optima of the 1970s. Specifically, while continued degradation in grassland has been initially contained, results are still far from the desired objective, ‘grassland coverage increasing by an average of 20%–40%’. In contrast, wetlands and water bodies have generally been restored, while the water conservation and water supply capacity of watersheds have increased. Indeed, the volume of water conservation achieved in the project meets the objective of a 1.32 billion m³ increase. The effects of ecological restoration inside project regions was more significant than outside, and, in addition to climate change projects, we concluded that the implementation of ecological conservation and restoration projects has substantially contributed to vegetation restoration. Nevertheless, the degradation of grasslands has not been fundamentally reversed, and to date the project has not prevented increasing soil erosion. In sum, the effects and challenges of this first-stage project highlight the necessity of continuous and long-term ecosystem conservation efforts in this region.     

Hydrological characteristics of vegetated river flows: a laboratory flume study

Abstract

Laboratory flume experiments were undertaken to measure the vertical profiles of mean flow velocity for three different flow discharges and four different stem densities of Hydrilla verticillata. The data were used to calculate three parameters, namely Manning's roughness coefficient, the Reynolds number and the Froude number. In addition, empirical equations were obtained for the vertical distribution of measured flow velocity within the transitional zone and above the plant canopy. The results show that: (a) the vertical distribution of measured flow velocity exhibits three zone profiles; (b) Manning's roughness coefficient decreases with increasing depth-averaged flow velocity; (c) the relationship between Manning's roughness coefficient and the depth-averaged flow velocity is within the smooth left inverse curve; (d) Manning's roughness coefficient significantly changes with increasing density of Hydrilla; (e) the Froude number is independent of the density of Hydrilla; and (f) both the Reynolds number and the Froude number increase with increasing depth-averaged flow velocity.

Citation Shi, J.Z., Li, Y.-H., Hughes, J.M.R., and Zhao, M., 2013. Hydrological characteristics of vegetated river flows: a laboratory flume study. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (5), 1047–1058.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz     

柴达木盆地东部侏罗系煤系烃源岩生烃潜力评价及地球化学特征

对柴达木盆地东部地区侏罗系大煤沟剖面、绿草山剖面进行了露头取样,并利用Rock-Eval生油岩评价仪、色谱—质谱仪、稳定同位素质谱仪等实验分析测试技术对样品进行了地球化学特征分析。实验结果表明,样品有机碳含量变化从0.07%到56.8%,有机质类型以Ш型有机质为主,少数为型有机质,极少数为型有机质,灰黑色油页岩及黑色炭质页岩是侏罗系中的优质烃源岩。检测样品C29甾烷异构化参数C29αββ/(αββ ααα)、C29ααα20S/(20S 20R)分布范围分别为0.25~0.35、0.06~0.34,处于未熟—低熟状态。侏罗系水体环境较浅,多为滨浅湖与沼泽环境,具有煤系烃源岩特点,局部为水体比较咸化的半深湖—深湖环境。     

天然高压矿物研究的新进展及其在地幔矿物学中的意义

对地表陨石坑岩石和陨石的冲击变质效应的研究, 是以往发现天然高压矿物的主要途径。α-PbO2 超斯石英、(Na,K,Ca)AlSi3O8-锰钡矿以及磷灰石高压同质多像变体等是几个近期在陨石中发现的天然高压相,这些高压相很可能存在于地幔之中。天然高压矿物的发现对地幔矿物学研究和发展起了推动作用。     

A unified linear theory of wavelike perturbations under general ocean conditions

A linearized instability analysis model with five unknowns was proposed to describe disturbance motions under general oceanic background conditions, including large-scale current shear, density stratification, frontal zone, and arbitrary topography. A unified linear theory of wavelike perturbations for surface gravity waves, internal gravity waves and inertial gravity waves was derived for the adiabatic case, and the solution was then found using Fourier integrals. In this theory, we discarded the assumptions widely accepted in the literature concerning derivations of wave motions such as the irrotationality assumption for surface gravity waves, the rigid-lid approximation for internal gravity waves, and the long-wave approximation for inertial gravity waves. Analytical solutions based on this theory indicate that the complex dispersion relationships between frequency and wave-number describing the propagation and development of the three types of wavelike perturbation motions include three components: complex dispersion relationships at the sea surface; vertical invariance of the complex frequency; and expressions of the vertical wave-number (phase). Classical results of both surface waves and internal waves were reproduced from the unified theory under idealized conditions. The unified wave theory can be applied in the dynamical explanation of the generation and propagation properties of internal waves that are visible in the satellite SAR images in the southern part of the China Seas. It can also serve as the theoretical basis for both a numerical internal-wave model and analytical estimation of the ocean fluxes transported by wavelike perturbations.     

柴达木盆地CXQ构造油气化探特征及找矿预测

通过在CXQ构造上进行的油气化探结果表明深部拥有油气活动，结合地质构造综合评价认为它具有形成构造圈闭油气藏的条件。为下一步勘探提供了地球化学依据。     

矿坑水净化处理与利用

本文论述了矿坑水的净化处理方法与工艺流程，主要处理方法有混凝，沉淀，过滤及消毒，不同水质特点应选用不同的处理方法和工艺流程，最后通过实例说明了矿坑水净化处理与利用，具有明显的社会效益，经济效益和环境效益。     

青金石中有序结构畴与无序结构畴交生的畴结构新类型

在黝方石、蓝方石的青金石等富含（ＳＯ４）＾２－的方钠石族矿物的有序结构中,常见有沿着一个或几个方向的结构调制,并还常伴随出现反相畴、双晶畴等畴结构。通过透射电镜研究,作者在产于俄罗斯南贝加尔的青金石中,观察了到了一种由尺度都很小（长径约在１０ｎｍ以内）的有序结构畴与无序结构畴相互交生的畴结构新类型。其畴界弈曲而不规则,但相邻畴的晶格都是相互连续而完全共格的。这种畴结构是由无序青金石在其有序化过程的     

Basaltic and Solution Reference Materials for Iron,Copper and Zinc Isotope Measurements

Iron, Cu and Zn stable isotope systems are applied in constraining a variety of geochemical and environmental processes. Secondary reference materials have been developed by the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), in collaboration with other participating laboratories, comprising three solutions (CAGS‐Fe, CAGS‐Cu and CAGS‐Zn) and one basalt (CAGS‐Basalt). These materials exhibit sufficient homogeneity and stability for application in Fe, Cu and Zn isotopic ratio determinations. Reference values were determined by inter‐laboratory analytical comparisons involving up to eight participating laboratories employing MC‐ICP‐MS techniques, based on the unweighted means of submitted results. Isotopic compositions are reported in per mil notation, based on reference materials IRMM‐014 for Fe, NIST SRM 976 for Cu and IRMM‐3702 for Zn. Respective reference values of CAGS‐Fe, CAGS‐Cu and CAGS‐Zn solutions are as follows: δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.83 ± 0.07 and δ⁵⁷Fe = 1.20 ± 0.13, δ⁶⁵Cu = 0.57 ± 0.06, and δ⁶⁶Zn = ?0.79 ± 0.12 and δ⁶⁸Zn = ?1.65 ± 0.24, respectively. Those of CAGS‐Basalt are δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.15 ± 0.07, δ⁵⁷Fe = 0.22 ± 0.10, δ⁶⁵Cu = 0.12 ± 0.08, δ⁶⁶Zn = 0.17 ± 0.13, and δ⁶⁸Zn = 0.34 ± 0.26 (2s).