坡面流层流区动力学特性

为完善坡面水流的基础理论研究,基于定床水槽试验,以甘油溶液为试验流体,采用超声波测量技术,进行了4种粗糙度、5种坡度和13种单宽流量条件下的组合试验,研究了坡面流层流区的动力学特性及滚波特征。研究结果表明:在雷诺数为8~160的范围内,流态指数在理论值0.33附近波动,且随粗糙度的增大呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,在粗糙度为0.10 mm附近达到峰值;阻力系数受坡度和粗糙度影响显著,可较好地由坡度、粗糙度和雷诺数的关系式表示;随着雷诺数的增大,滚波波速和波峰均呈幂函数形式递增,滚波周期大小无明显变化;坡度的增大会使层流失稳临界单宽流量减小,粗糙度的增大会使临界弗劳德数的均值减小。     

雷州半岛玛珥湖区玄武岩的年代、地球化学特征及其意义

我国南部雷州半岛是亚洲季风影响的核心区,区域内田洋、青桐洋和九斗洋这3个干玛珥湖沉积序列可为揭示低纬地区亚洲季风的轨道尺度变化提供关键证据。查明这些玛珥湖的形成年代、基底玄武岩的地球化学组成及其风化产物特征,为进一步获得沉积序列的年代控制、揭示沉积物替代指标的古气候意义提供了基础。本研究对3个干玛珥湖基底的玄武岩进行了K-Ar测年、地球化学成分和玛珥湖周围风化剖面粘土矿物的测试分析,得出了以下结论:1)田洋玛珥湖湖盆的形成年代为0.73~0.87Ma,首次报道的青桐洋和九斗洋湖盆的形成时代分别为0.82 Ma和0.81~1.08 Ma,它们均属于早更新世晚期到中更新世早期的石峁岭期火山射气喷发形成的。2)田洋、青桐洋和九斗洋玛珥湖基底玄武岩均属于石英拉斑玄武岩。同一时期喷发的石英拉斑玄武岩广泛分布在玛珥湖的周围,这些玄武岩风化的产物以高岭石、三水铝石以及赤铁矿为主,在降水较为充沛的时期,物理或化学风化的产物随地表径流汇入湖盆,是玛珥湖沉积的主要来源。本研究为正在进行的低纬地区更新世轨道尺度季风降水重建提供了基础。     

光谱保真归一化卷积高光谱超分辨率重建方法

高光谱遥感图像受到成像系统硬件限制,无法同时具有高空间分辨率和高光谱分辨率,较低的空间分辨率制约高光谱图像的应用,超分辨率重建技术可提高图像的空间分辨率。针对高光谱图像的超分辨率重建中光谱保真度的问题,在重建方法中耦合光谱保真度函数,结合结构自适应归一化卷积方法,提出基于光谱保真约束的归一化卷积方法。具体地,将图像局部邻域内像素间的光谱相关性作为约束条件,将与中心像素光谱类似的像素赋予较大权值,从而提高重建后图像光谱特性的保持程度。实验中分别从空间结构与光谱信息保真两个方面来评价重建后结果,结果表明该方法具有较好的光谱信息保持度。     

基于GIS和AHP的灰色评估法在工程建设适宜性评价中的应用 ——以黄山市中心城区为例

随着城市现代化进程的加快,工程建设活动日趋频繁.在城市规划、工程建设前进行地质条件分析、适宜性评价是十分必要的.工程建设适宜性受多种因素影响,各因素间相互关联但影响程度不同.文章以黄山市中心城区为实例,从地质环境条件角度出发,介绍基于地理信息系统（GIS）和层次分析法（AHP）的灰色评估法在实际评价工作中的具体应用.该方法首先选取与工程建设适宜性密切相关的影响因素作为评价因子,在对评价单因子定性评价的基础上,用AHP确定各评价单因子的权重,最后用灰色评估法对工程建设适宜性进行综合评估.该应用效果较好,可在同类评价中推广.     

影响黄山市中心城区工程建设的地质因素及工程建设适宜性评价

通过野外地质调查和室内综合分析,研究黄山市中心城区地形地貌、水文、工程地质、水文地质和地质灾害等可能影响工程建设的主要地质因素的发育特征,并运用多因子分级加权指数法进行工程建设适宜性评价。研究区可划分为工程建设适宜区、较适宜区和适宜性差区3个等级;黄山市中心城区地质环境总体较好,工程建设适宜区和较适宜区面积广且成片分布,与定性认识基本吻合。以上认识可为黄山市中心城区城市规划布局、建设、发展及工程选址提供基础资料和决策依据。     

A method to Estimate Dynamic Responses of VLFS Based on Multi-Floating-Module Model Connected by Elastic Hinges

China Ocean Engineering - Based on the elastic foundation beam theory and the multi-floating-module hydrodynamic theory, a novel method is proposed to estimate the dynamic responses of VLFS (Very...     

Understanding coastal wetland hydrology with a new regional‐scale,process‐based hydrological model

Coastal wetlands represent an ecotone between ocean and terrestrial ecosystems, providing important services, including flood mitigation, fresh water supply, erosion control, carbon sequestration, and wildlife habitat. The environmental setting of a wetland and the hydrological connectivity between a wetland and adjacent terrestrial and aquatic systems together determine wetland hydrology. Yet little is known about regional‐scale hydrological interactions among uplands, coastal wetlands, and coastal processes, such as tides, sea level rise, and saltwater intrusion, which together control the dynamics of wetland hydrology. This study presents a new regional‐scale, physically based, distributed wetland hydrological model, PIHM‐Wetland, which integrates the surface and subsurface hydrology with coastal processes and accounts for the influence of wetland inundation on energy budgets and evapotranspiration (ET). The model was validated using in situ hydro‐meteorological measurements and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ET data for a forested and herbaceous wetland in North Carolina, USA, which confirmed that the model accurately represents the major wetland hydrological behaviours. Modelling results indicate that topographic gradient is a primary control of groundwater flow direction in adjacent uplands. However, seasonal climate patterns become the dominant control of groundwater flow at lower coastal plain and land–ocean interface. We found that coastal processes largely influence groundwater table (GWT) dynamics in the coastal zone, 300 to 800 m from the coastline in our study area. Among all the coastal processes, tides are the dominant control on GWT variation. Because of inundation, forested and herbaceous wetlands absorb an additional 6% and 10%, respectively, of shortwave radiation annually, resulting in a significant increase in ET. Inundation alters ET partitioning through canopy evaporation, transpiration, and soil evaporation, the effect of which is stronger in cool seasons than in warm seasons. The PIHM‐Wetland model provides a new tool that improves the understanding of wetland hydrological processes on a regional scale. Insights from this modelling study provide benchmarks for future research on the effects of sea level rise and climate change on coastal wetland functions and services.     

高质量发展目标下黄河流域城市居民生活质量的时空格局及障碍因子

提高居民生活质量是实现黄河流域高质量发展的重要目标和具体体现。从居民生活、基础设施、公共服务、生态环境4个方面构建城市居民生活质量评价指标体系,测度2004―2018年黄河流域城市居民生活质量水平,利用核密度估计、ESDA、Dagum基尼系数等方法进行居民生活质量时空格局分析及空间差异测度,并运用障碍因子诊断模型分析影响居民生活质量水平的障碍因子,得出如下结论：① 2004―2018年黄河流域城市居民生活质量高水平区域从下游城市逐渐转移到中上游城市;② 黄河流域城市居民生活质量高?高集聚区主要是内蒙古自治区及相邻区域的城市,低?低集聚区主要是河南省、山东省以及山西省的部分城市;③ 黄河流域城市居民生活质量水平的空间差异从上中下游尺度看主要是区域间净值差异贡献,从左右岸尺度看主要是区域内部差异贡献;④ 黄河流域城市居民生活质量水平的障碍因子主要是人均水资源量、移动电话年末用户数、每万人公园绿地面积、教育支出占财政支出比重、每万人拥有的道路面积与人均可支配收入等,因此在未来的高质量发展中要注重生态环境保护,特别是合理利用水资源,完善城市基础设施与提升公共服务水平。     

Geographical Variation and Influencing Factors of Spartina alterniflora Expansion Rate in Coastal China

Biological invasion poses a huge threat to ecological security.Spartina alterniflora was introduced into China in 1979,and its arrival corresponded with negative effects on native ecosystems.To explore geographical variation of its expansion rate in coastal China,we selected 43 S.alterniflora sites from Tianjin Coastal New Area to Beihai.The area expansion rate,expansion rate paralleling and vertical to the shoreline were analysed based on Landsat images and field survey in 2015.Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA)and climate data were collected to statistically analyse the influential factors of expansion rate.Results showed that significant difference of S.alterniflora area expansion rate among different latitude zones(P<0.01),increasing from 6.08%at southern(21°N–23°N)to 19.87% in Bohai Bay(37°N–39°N)along latitude gradient.There was a significant difference in expansion rate vertical to shoreline in different latitude zones(P<0.01)with the largest occurring in Bohai Bay(256m/yr,37°N–39°N),and showed an decreasing tendency gradually from north to south.No significant difference and latitudinal clines in expansion rate paralleling to shoreline were observed.Expansion rate had significant negative correlation with mean seawater temperature,the lowest seawater temperature,current zonal velocity and meridional velocity and presented a reducing trend as these biotic factors increased;however,they were not significantly correlated with the highest seawater temperature and mean seawater salinity.We identified significant correlations between expansion rate and annual mean temperature,the lowest temperature in January and annual precipitation,but there was little correlation with annual diurnal difference in temperature and the highest temperature in July.The rapid expansion rate in high-latitude China demonstrated a higher risk of potential invasion in the north;dynamic monitoring and control management should be established as soon as possible.     

Sentinel-2数据的冬小麦地上干生物量估算及评价

作物生物量快速精确的监测对于农业资源的合理利用与农田的精准管理具有重要意义。近年来,遥感技术因其独特的优势已被广泛用于作物生物量的估算中。本文主要针对不同宽波段植被指数在冬小麦生物量(文中的生物量均是指地上干生物量)估算方面的表现进行探索。首先利用欧洲空间局最新的Sentinel-2A卫星数据提取出17种常见的植被指数,之后分别构建其与相应时期内采集的冬小麦地上生物量间的最优估算模型,通过分析两者间的相关性与敏感性,获取适宜进行生物量估算的指数。最后,绘制了研究区的生物量空间分布图。结果表明,所选的植被指数均与生物量显著相关。其中,红边叶绿素指数(CI_(re))与生物量的估算精度最高(决定性系数R~2为0.83;均方根误差RMSE为180.29 g·m~(–2))。虽然相关性较高,但部分指数,如归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)等在生物量较高时会出现饱和现象,从而导致生物量的低估。而加入红边波段的指数不仅能够延缓指数的饱和趋势,而且能够提高反演精度。此外,通过敏感性分析发现,归一化差值指数和比值指数分别在作物生长的早期和中后期对生物量的变化保持较高的敏感性。由于红边比值指数(SR_(re))和MERIS叶绿素敏感指数(MTCI)在冬小麦全生长季内一直对生物量的变化保持高灵敏性,二者是生物量估算中最为稳定的指数。