NOAA卫星沙尘暴光谱特征分析及信息提取研究

通过对2000—2002年多次沙尘暴过程NOAA卫星AVHRR资料的分析,研究了沙尘、云、沙漠、戈壁、积雪、裸地、植被等不同目标物的光谱特性,发现沙尘暴在AVHRR-2中各通道均有不同程度的反映。1,2通道中沙尘的反射率较高(介于云和沙漠之间);4,5通道的亮温低于晴空地表高于云;在3通道中沙尘表现的很独特,其亮度温度为所有研究目标物中最高的,表明通道3包含较多的沙尘信息,AVHRR-3取代AVHRR-2后对监测沙尘有不利影响。在此基础上提出定量提取沙尘信息的两种沙尘判识指数,并利用沙尘判识指数成功地提取多次沙尘暴过程的沙尘信息。结果表明：利用多通道组合沙尘判识指数能够对沙尘信息进行有效提取。     

OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES ON SAND-DUST STORM IN HELAN MOUNTAINOUS AREA

According to the observation of the number and mass concentration spectra of atmosphericaerosols,the total suspended particulates (TSP) and their size distribution,micrometeorology,and the solar spectroscopic radiation,even neutron activation treatment of sand dust samples inHelan Mountainous area.the formation law of floating dust,blowing sand and sandstorm weatherand the characteristics of climatic variation in this area and the influence of the Helan Mountain arecounted and analyzed.In addition,the spectrum characteristics,optical depth and chemicalcomposition of sand aerosol particles are also analyzed and discussed.     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL AND DISASTERS OF DEBRIS FLOW IN BEIJING AREA

LINTRODUCTIONDisastersofdebrisflotvoccurfrequentlyinChina.Mostofthemareinrainstormtype.TherainStormdebrisflowiscausedbyStormrainfallthatinducesastrongStreamflowsonloosematerialsinwatershed.Theeffectsofprecipitationonthedebrisflowareasfollows(ChengduResearchInstituteC;DisasterandEnvironment,1989)f(l)Precipitationacceleratesthematerialsofloosedebristogather,(2)PrecipitationsuPPlywatercomponentofdebrisflow,(3)Precipitationprovidesdynamicconditionsfordebrisflow,(4)Precipitationisatrigg…     

POTENTIAL VORTICITY STRUCTURE OF SUMMER CYCLONES OVER THE CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE VALLEY

Based on the theory of Ertel potential vorticity,the isentropic potential vorticity maps and vertical pro-files of potential vorticity for two summer cyclones over the Changjiang-Huaihe Valley are analysed.Afterdiscussing a possible mechanism for the genesis and development of such systems and their differences fromtypical extratropical cyclones,a conceptual model for their activities is proposed:A weak disturbance in the mid-level of troposphere originated from around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau may cause heavy precipitation underfavourable conditions and latent heat release in the mid-troposphere leads to downward extension of cycloniccirculation and a wave on the quasi-stationary front.This weak cyclone can develop substantially and becomea typical extratropical cyclone only when air from the lower stratosphere flows downslope along isentropic sur-faces into the region of interest.     

1949～2005年海南岛登陆热带气旋的若干变化特征

利用热带气旋(TC)年鉴资料和海南岛逐日降水量资料,对海南岛57a登陆TC年频数、强度、登陆位置、活动时间、登陆维持时间、登陆TC降水量的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:在全球气候变暖背景下,海南岛登陆TC年频数有显著减少趋势,但登陆时TC的平均强度和极端强度都有增强趋势,这主要归功于南海登陆海南岛的热带低压年频数的显著减少和强热带风暴的弱增加;登陆TC具有准3a的周期,而南海登陆海南岛的TC具有准3a、准5a的周期,西太平洋登陆海南岛的TC具有准13a和准3a的周期;海南岛登陆TC的登陆点位置有南移趋势,80年代中期以来在海南岛最南端地区登陆的TC频数明显增多;登陆TC的活动时间和登陆维持时间均有弱的缩短趋势;登陆TC暴雨与登陆时TC强度成显著负相关关系而和登陆维持时间有显著正相关关系,但登陆时TC强度对暴雨的影响强于登陆维持时间;登陆TC年降水量呈减少变化趋势,其中登陆风暴和强风暴的年降水量有增多趋势,登陆热带低压和登陆台风年降水量均有减少趋势。