Paleogene of the Huanghekou Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin,NE China: deposition–erosion response to a slope break system of rift lacustrine basins

The sequence architecture and depositional systems of the Paleogene lacustrine rift succession in the Huanghekou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, NE China were investigated based on seismic profiles, combined with well log and core data. Four second‐order or composite sequences and seven third‐order sequences were identified. The depositional systems identified in the basin include: fan delta, braid delta, meander fluvial delta, lacustrine and sublacustrine fan. Identification of the slope break was conducted combining the interpretation of faults of each sequence and the identification of syndepositional faults, based on the subdivision of sequence stratigraphy and analysis of depositional systems. Multiple geomorphologic units were recognized in the Paleogene of the Huanghekou Sag including faults, flexures, depositional slope break belts, ditch‐valleys and sub‐uplifts in the central sag. Using genetic division principles and taking into consideration tectonic features of the Paleogene of the Huanghekou Sag, the study area was divided into the Northern Steep Slope/Fault Slope Break System, the Southern Gentle Slope Break System and T10 Tectonic Slope Break System/T10 Tectonic Belt. Responses of slope break systems to deposition–erosion are shown as: (1) basin marginal slope break is the boundary of the eroded area and provenance area; (2) ditch‐valley formed by different kinds of slope break belts is a good transport bypass for source materials; (3) shape of the slope break belt of the slope break system controls sediments types; (4) the ditch‐valley and sub‐sag of a slope break system is an unloading area for sediments; and (5) due to their different origins, association characteristics and developing patterns, the Paleogene slope break belt systems in the Huanghekou Sag show different controls on depositional systems. The Northern Fault Slope Break system controls the deposition of a fan delta‐lacustrine‐subaqueous fan, the Southern Gentle Slope Break system controls the deposition of a fluvial–deltaic–shallow lacustrine and sublacustrine fan, and the T10 Tectonic Slope Break System controls the deposition of shallow lacustrine beach bar sandbodies. The existence of a slope break system is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for studying sandbody development. The formation of effective sandbodies along the slope break depends on the reasonable coupling of effective provenance, necessary association patterns of slope break belt, adequate unloading space and creation of definite accommodation space. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

珠江口盆地沉降史定量模拟和分析

运用Petrosys盆地模拟系统，定量和动态地模拟了珠江口盆地三个主要坳陷的沉降过程，论述了沉降速率的变化与生储盖发育之间的关联，认为珠江口盆地构造沉降史具有幕式、多阶段变化的特征。盆地第一幕和第二幕沉降是盆地发育的主要时期，奠定了盆地的构造格架，形成了盆地主要的沉积地层和油气资源。第三幕沉降为盆地的改造和完成阶段，是盆地区域盖层发育的主要时期。     

Sensitivity analysis for the effects of meteorological and radioactive release conditions on radiation doses from nuclear power plant accidents

This paper briefly reviews several large-scale modeling systems for nuclear power plant accidents in the United States, and summarizes our recent modeling results for the effects of key meteorological conditions, radioactive release characteristics, and evacuation strategies on radiation doses. This work was intended to be useful in the formulation of emergency plans for nuclear power plant accidents. The sensitivity analyses establish a scale for comparing impacts at various locations and over time depending on the variation of those key parameters, and have clear implications for emergency planning.     

Re-Os geochronology of Cu and W-Mo deposits in the Balkhash metallogenic belt,Kazakhstan and its geological significance

<正>The Central Asian metallogenic domain(CAMD) is a multi-core metallogenic system controlled by boundary strike-slip fault systems.The Balkhash metallogenic belt in Kazakhstan,in which occur many large and super-large porphyritic Cu—Mo deposits and some quartz vein- and greisen-type W—Mo deposits,is a well-known porphyritic Cu—Mo metallogenic belt in the CAMD.In this paper 11 molybdenite samples from the western segment of the Balkhash metallogenic belt are selected for Re—Os compositional analyses and Re—Os isotopic dating.Molybdenites from the Borly porphyry Cu deposit and the three quartz vein-greisen W—Mo deposits—East Kounrad.Akshatau and Zhanet—all have relatively high Re contents(2712—2772μg/g for Borly and 2.267—31.50μg/g for the other three W—Mo deposits),and lower common Os contents(0.670—2.696 ng/g for Borly and 0.0051—0.056 ng/g for the other three).The molybdenites from the Borly porphyry Cu—Mo deposit and the East Kounrad,Zhanet,and Akshatau quartz vein- and greisen-type W—Mo deposits give average model Re—Os ages of 315.9 Ma,298.0 Ma,295.0 Ma,and 289.3 Ma respectively.Meanwhile,molybdenites from the East Kounrad,Zhanet,and Akshatau W—Mo deposits give a Re—Os isochron age of 297.9 Ma,with an MSWD value of 0.97.Re-Os dating of the molybdenites indicates that Cu—W—Mo metallogenesis in the western Balkhash metallogenic belt occurred during Late Carboniferous to Early Permian(315.9—289.3 Ma),while the porphyry Cu—Mo deposits formed at—316 Ma,and the quartz vein-greisen W—Mo deposits formed at ~298 Ma.The Re—Os model and isochron ages thus suggest that Late Carboniferous porphyry granitoid and pegmatite magmatism took place during the late Hercynian movement.Compared to the Junggar-East Tianshan porphyry Cu metallogenic belt in northwestern China,the formation of the Cu—Mo metallogenesis in the Balkhash metallogenic belt occurred between that of the Tuwu-Yandong in East Tianshan and the Baogutu porphyry Cu deposits in West Junggar. Collectively,the large-scale Late Carboniferous porphyry Cu—Mo metallogenesis in the Central Asian metallogenic domain is related to Hercynian tectono-magmatic activities.     

Geochronological framework and Pb, Sr isotope geochemistry of the Qingchengzi Pb–Zn–Ag–Au orefield, Northeastern China

The Qingchengzi orefield in northeastern China, is a concentration of several Pb–Zn, Ag, and Au ore deposits. A combination of geochronological and Pb, Sr isotopic investigations was conducted. Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages of 225.3 ± 1.8 Ma and 184.5 ± 1.6 Ma were obtained for the Xinling and Yaojiagou granites, respectively. By step-dissolution Rb–Sr dating, ages of 221 ± 12 Ma and 138.7 ± 4.1 Ma were obtained for the sphalerite of the Zhenzigou Zn–Pb deposit and pyrargyrite of the Ag ore in the Gaojiabaozi Ag deposit, respectively. Pb isotopic ratios of the Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.38 to 18.53) are higher than those of the Pb–Zn ores (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.66 to 17.96; Chen et al. [Chen, J.F., Yu, G., Xue, C.J., Qian, H., He, J.F., Xing, Z., Zhang, X., 2005. Pb isotope geochemistry of lead, zinc, gold and silver deposit clustered region, Liaodong rift zone, northeastern China. Science in China Series D 48, 467–476.]). Triassic granites show low Pb isotopic ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 17.12 to 17.41, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.47 to 15.54, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 37.51 to 37.89) and metamorphic rocks of the Liaohe Group have high ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.20 to 24.28 and 18.32 to 20.06, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.69 to 16.44 and 15.66 to 15.98, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 37.29 to 38.61 and 38.69 to 40.00 for the marble of the Dashiqiao Formation and schist of the Gaixian Formation, respectively).Magmatic activities at Qingchengzi and in adjacent regions took place in three stages, and each contained several magmatic pulses: ca. 220 to 225 Ma and 211 to 216 Ma in the Triassic; 179 to 185 Ma, 163 to 168 Ma, 155 Ma and 149 Ma in the Jurassic, as well as ca. 140 to 130 Ma in the Early Cretaceous. The Triassic magmatism was part of the Triassic magmatic belt along the northern margin of the North China Craton produced in a post-collisional extensional setting, and granites in it formed by crustal melting induced by mantle magma. The Jurassic and Early Cretaceous magmatism was related to the lithospheric delamination in eastern China. The Triassic is the most important metallogenic stage at Qingchengzi. The Pb–Zn deposits, the Pb–Zn–Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi, and the gold deposits were all formed in this stage. They are temporally and spatially associated with the Triassic magmatic activity. Mineralization is very weak in the Jurassic. Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi was formed in the Early Cretaceous, which is suggested by the young Rb–Sr isochron age, field relations, and significantly different Pb isotopic ratios between the Pb–Zn–Ag and Ag ores. Pb isotopic compositions of the Pb–Zn ores suggest binary mixing for the source of the deposits. The magmatic end-member is the Triassic granites and the other metamorphic rocks of the Liaohe Group. Slightly different proportions of the two end-members, or an involvement of materials from hidden Cretaceous granites with slightly different Pb isotopic ratios, is postulated to interpret the difference of Pb isotopic compositions between the Pb–Zn–(Ag) and Ag ores. Sr isotopic ratios support this conclusion. At the western part of the Qingchengzi orefield, hydrothermal fluid driven by the heat provided by the now exposed Triassic granites deposited ore-forming materials in the low and middle horizons of the marbles of the Dashiqiao Formation near the intrusions to form mesothermal Zn–Pb deposits. In the eastern part, hydrothermal fluids associated with deep, hidden Triassic intrusions moved upward along a regional fault over a long distance and then deposited the ore-forming materials to form epithermal Au and Pb–Zn–Ag ores. Young magmatic activities are all represented by dykes across the entire orefield, suggesting that the corresponding main intrusion bodies are situated in the deep part of the crust. Among these, only intrusions with age of ca. 140 Ma might have released sufficient amounts of fluid to be responsible for the formation of the Ag ore at Gaojiabaozi.Our age results support previous conclusions that sphalerite can provide a reliable Rb–Sr age as long as the fluid inclusion phase is effectively separated from the “sulfide” phase. Our work suggests that the separation can be achieved by a step-resolution technique. Moreover, we suggest that pyrargyrite is a promising mineral for Rb–Sr isochron dating.     

Mineralogy,Fluid Inclusion,and Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Studies of the Intrusion‐Related Yangla Cu Deposit in the Sanjiang Region,SW China: Implications for Metallogenesis and Deposit Type

The Yangla deposit is an intrusion‐related Cu deposit in the Jinshajiang tectonic belt (eastern Sanjiang region, SW China). Despite extensive studies that have been conducted on this deposit, the relationship between the granitic magma and Cu mineralization is still unclear, and hence, the genesis is debated. To answer this question, we conducted an integrated study of mineralogy, fluid inclusions (FIs), and hydrogen and oxygen (H‐O) isotopes. Three mineralization stages were identified based on the ore textures, alteration zonation, and crosscutting relationships: (i) pre‐ore prograde skarn (stage I), with the garnet and pyroxene dominated by andradite and diopside, respectively; (ii) syn‐ore retrograde alteration (stage II), which is subdivided into the early syn‐ore stage (stage IIa) marked by retrograde hydrated mineral assemblages and significant Fe‐Cu‐Mo‐Pb‐Zn sulfide mineralization, and the late syn‐ore stage (stage IIb) featured by quartz‐calcite veins; and (iii) late supergene mineralization (stage III), which is characterized by secondary azurite and malachite. These results of mineralogy, FIs, and H‐O isotopes indicate that: (i) Cu mineralization has a close temporal, spatial, and genetic relationship with skarn alteration; (ii) the ore fluids were magmatic dominated with late‐stage meteoric water incursion; and (iii) Type‐S (halite‐bearing) and Type‐V (vapor‐rich) FIs coexisted in garnet and clinopyroxene of stage I, indicating that fluid boiling might have occurred during this stage. From stage I to stage IIa, the FI type transformed from Type‐S + Type‐V + Type‐L (liquid‐rich) to Type‐V + Type‐L with the conduct of mineralization and was accompanied by the disappearance of Type‐S, and homogenization temperature and salinity also tended to decrease dramatically, which may be caused by the deposition of skarn minerals. At stage IIa, boiling of the ore fluids still continued due to the change from lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure, which triggered the precipitation of abundant quartz‐Cu‐Mo‐Fe sulfides. Furthermore, fluid mixing between a high‐temperature magmatic fluid and a low‐temperature meteoric water might cause a considerable drop in temperature and the deposition of Cu‐bearing quartz/calcite veins during stage IIb. Hence, we consider the Yangla deposit to be of a skarn type, genetically related to the Mesozoic magmatism in the Sanjiang region.     

区域时间和震级可预报模型在华北及西南地区的应用

应用能把不同精度和完整性的地震资料甚至考古地震资料结合起来,估计震源区的地震矩年变化率的方法,计算了地震矩年变化率．在此基础上,把区域时间震级可预报模型应用到华北地区和西南地区,地震时间间隔和上次地震的震级正相关,表明该模型是成立的．其震源应力积累参数之一的c值小于全球板缘地震得到的平均值0.33,说明地震复发周期与上次地震震级的相关性较弱,体现了中国大陆地震不同于板缘地震,意味着板缘地震和内陆地震模型存在差别．并用此模型对华北地区和西南地区的地震危险性作了分析．      

Petrography of low rank coals with reference to liquefaction potential

Ten sub-bituminous coals were analyzed petrographically and chemically as part of a program by the Alberta Research Council to investigate the compositional properties of Alberta coals and relationship to liquefaction potential. In addition, four lignites, two from Saskatchewan and one each from Texas and North Dakota, were studied for comparative purposes. Liquefaction experiments were carried out on three of the Alberta coals and on density fractions of the two U.S. lignites. Petrographically the ten sub-bituminous coals could be divided into two populations; one with high huminite and liptinite contents (>90%) and one with substantially lower contents (70–75%). The two U.S. lignites showed huminite plus liptinite contents of less than 70% while the Saskatchewan coals were somewhat higher. Reflectance measurements on the sub-bituminous coals showed a range of 0.33 to 0.51 with a rough correlation to the ASTM rank designations of these coals. Reflectivities determined on the lignites were generally lower. Float-sink fractionation of the two U.S. lignites and two sub-bituminous coals showed enrichment of huminite and liptinite in the lighter fractions and inertinite and mineral matter in the heavier splits. Examination of the relationship between liquefaction yields and petrographic composition showed a rough positive correlation with huminite-liptinite content. Examination of liquefaction residues suggested total conversion of the liptinite, extensive conversion of huminite and possible partial conversion and reactivity of the semifusinite maceral of the inertinite group.     

基于叠前深度偏移的AVO反演在神狐海域试采区的应用

为了更好地研究神狐海域试采区天然气水合物的展布形态和赋存状况,基于高精度层析速度反演后的叠前深度偏移地震资料进行AVO反演技术研究。为在天然气水合物富集区有效地进行AVO研究,AVO处理前运用叠前深度偏移技术,通过高精度层析反演不断迭代速度模型;然后通过偏移来改善资料的质量,结合实测钻井资料进行AVO正演分析、反演可行性分析、属性交会分析;最后将具有高横向分辨能力的地震资料和高垂向分辨能力的测井资料与地质相结合进行叠前同时反演。该方法可反演出纵、横波阻抗等属性,直接进行岩性和流体识别,结果表明,在AVO反演中引入叠前深度偏移技术,为反演提供了较高质量的叠前共反射点道集和精细的层速度模型,改善了AVO技术在试采区的应用效果,提高了反演的可靠性。反演出的各种属性为AVO分析提供了丰富的信息,能够比较准确地反映地下水合物矿体的展布情况,可用于后续水合物储层的分析及综合研究,对未来的水合物勘探开采具有重要的现实意义。     

Silurian collisional suturing onto the southern margin of the North China craton: Detrital zircon geochronology constraints from the Qilian Orogen

The Qilian Orogen of north western China records mid-Paleozoic collisional suturing of arc and continental blocks onto the south western margin of the North China craton. Silurian strata from the retroarc foreland basin mark the transition from ocean closure and northward subduction to the initiation of collision suturing. Detrital zircons were analysed from the western and eastern parts of the basin and show a spectrum of ages from Archean to Paleozoic with major age concentrations at around 2.5 Ga, 1.6 Ga, 1.2 Ga, 0.98 Ga, 0.7 Ga and 0.45 Ga. Archean age grains are derived from the North China craton, whereas the Central Qilian Bloc, which lies to the south provides the likely source for the bulk of the Proterozoic detritus. Paleozoic grains are restricted to Early Silurian samples from the western part of the basin and are considered to have been derived from the magmatic arc related to ocean closure and ultimate collision of the Central Qilian Belt with the North China craton.