Evaluation of oxygen isotopes in carbonate as an indicator of lake evolution in arid areas: The modern Qinghai Lake, Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

The oxygen isotopic composition of carbonate in lakes has been used as a useful indicator in Palaeolimnological research, and has made some important contributions to our understanding of lacustrine systems. For modern lakes in arid or cold areas, however, there are few data available to test the effect of lake salinity and temperature on the oxygen isotopic composition of various carbonate sources such as ostracod, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonate (< 60 μm). Here we examined the oxygen isotopic composition of ostracods, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonates, as well as that of coexisting water from Lake Qinghai and the smaller surrounding lakes and ponds on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Our investigation highlights three key effects. First, the oxygen isotopic composition of ostracods, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonate in the lakes and ponds shows a clear response to lake water δ¹⁸O values, and these vary with water salinity. The relationship between lake water δ¹⁸O and salinity is not only dominated by the evaporation/freshwater input ratios, but is also controlled by the distance to the mouth of the major rivers supplying to the lake. Second, the ostracod, bulk carbonate, and fine-grained carbonate show similar isotopic change trends in the study area, and oxygen isotopic differences between ostracods and authigenic carbonate may be explained by the different water temperatures and very small ‘vital offsets’ of ostracods. Finally, the effect of water depth on temperature leads to increasing δ¹⁸O values in carbonates as water depth increases, both in benthic ostracods living on the lake bottom, as well as in bulk carbonate precipitated at the water surface.For arid, high-altitude Lake Qinghai, our results suggest that variations in the δ¹⁸O values of carbonate in Lake Qinghai are mainly controlled by the oxygen-isotope ratio of the lake water changing with water salinity. As a secondary effect, increasing water depth leads to cooler bottom and surface water, which may result in more positive δ¹⁸O values of ostracod and bulk carbonate.     

北京戒台寺滑坡治理工程动态监测

北京戒台寺滑坡为一产生在地质构造发育、地层岩性差和地质环境恶劣条件下的大型破碎岩石滑坡群。滑坡规模巨大,成因复杂,总方量达920多万立方米。滑坡治理采用支挡、锚固、治水、注浆等综合治理技术。整治工程中,对滑坡进行了动态监测,通过深孔、裂缝、地表观测网等监测手段,确定滑坡的变形范围、滑动面位置、主滑方向、各滑块的滑动方向以及之间的滑动关系,同时揭示了春融以及治理工程中各工序对滑坡的影响,为动态设计、信息化施工及评价工程效果提供依据,在整治工程中发挥了关键性作用。同时,也为今后类似大型滑坡的监测提供参考。     

生烃动力学模拟实验结合GC-RMS测定在有效气源岩判识中的应用

采用动力学模拟实验对Ⅰ型干酪根的生烃过程进行了模拟,并对热解产物中的正烷烃组分进行了GC-IRMS分析。分析结果表明,当Ro<1.6%时,C8+正烷烃的碳同位素组成主要继承了母质的特征,而随热演化程度的变化不显著,因此可用于油(气)/源对比。当Ro在1.6%～2.0%之间时,C8+正烷烃迅速裂解,其δ13C显著增重。Ro>2.0%之后,C1—C4气态烃随热演化程度的增加,逐渐富集13C,其δ13C与Ro之间的关系明显受升温速率的影响,所以由模拟实验获得的δ13C1-Ro关系式不适用于高—过成熟的气源岩研究;而δ13C1-F(甲烷生成率)的关系则不受升温速率的影响,适用范围较宽,故可用于高演化阶段的有效气源岩的判识。     

Optimizing Method of Main Caverns in Large Underground Water-Sealed Storage Cavern

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Underground water-sealed storage cavern is an important way for petroleum strategic reserve in China, which owns lots of outstanding advantages, such as...     

寒武系古流体地球化学特征及其对页岩气保存的指示意义 ——以中扬子地区寒武系页岩气发现井宜地2井为例

保存条件是中扬子地区页岩气富集的关键因素之一，宜地2井是中扬子寒武系页岩气发现井，通过对该井全井段岩芯裂缝古流体的地球化学分析，探讨了寒武系古流体成因和对水井沱组页岩气保存条件的指示意义。结果认为：① 覃家庙组膏岩层之上方解石脉缺少Fe2+、Mn2+，且δ13C和δ18O值较围岩偏负，指示其形成于氧化的环境，石牌组方解石脉δ13C偏负，黄铁矿脉δ34S值与膏盐相似，表明其成因与TSR密切相关；水井沱组脉体δ13C和δ18O与围岩相似，形成于封闭的环境。② 方解石脉包裹体群SO42-、Ca2+、Mg2+含量整体上由覃家庙组向上向下分别递减，钠氯系数以水井沱组最低，整体上向上升高，表明覃家庙组是高盐度卤水的主要来源，水井沱组受外来流体影响弱；包裹体水溶液δD和δ18O也指示娄山关组、石牌组方解石脉成因分别与大气水、TSR相关。③ 古流体地球化学研究表明宜昌地区页岩气保存条件整体较好，页岩气散失的主要通道是垂直裂缝，页岩气保存条件好与膏盐盖层发育、后期构造破坏弱、脉体对裂缝的及时封闭以及白垩系盖层等因素密切相关。     

Effect of inherent anisotropy on the strength of natural granite residual soil under generalized stress paths

It is universally known that residual soils behave very differently from sedimentary soils. While the latter is widely known as cross-anisotropic, little is known regarding the strength anisotropy of residual soils. This study presents how the inherent anisotropy affects the strength of natural granite residual soils under generalized conditions, where intact specimens were carefully prepared and sheared under triaxial compression, extension, simple shear, and hollow cylinder torsional shear tests. The strength of natural residual soil, in terms of ultimate stress ratio M and undrained shear strength S_u, is found to be significantly anisotropic in a different way from normally consolidated clays with the maximum strength obtained under triaxial compression and the minimum under simple shear or at intermediate principal stress direction. As a result, the existing method failed to measure the anisotropy degree of the studied soil. Two parameters were proposed accordingly to quantify the anisotropic strength under general conditions, taking the special strength anisotropy pattern and cohesive-frictional nature of GRS into account. The proposed parameters enable the direct comparison of strength anisotropy among soils. This study serves as a data set to better understand residual soils regarding their anisotropic behaviors under generalized conditions. Although specific to granite residual soils in China, this study is expected to be more widely applicable to other weathered geomaterials.

     

黔西北峨眉山玄武岩顶部Fe-Al岩系钪、铌、稀土分布特征与富集规律

在黔西北峨眉山玄武岩顶部与上覆宣威组(P3x)/龙潭组(P3l)不整合接触界面附近,常分布一套Fe-Al岩系,近年发现其中Sc、Nb和REE等关键金属富集特征显著,对这套铁铝岩系中Sc、Nb、REE的分布特征、富集规律和赋存形式研究.结果表明:1)Fe-Al岩系中富集的Sc、Nb和REE等关键金属,多数已达到综合利用标准,具有较好成矿前景;2)宣威组(P3x)Fe-Al岩系中,Sc、Nb和REE分布均匀、差异较小,Sc主要富集于下部,Nb主要富集于上部,REE主要富集于中下部,主要赋存岩性分别为含凝灰质铁质粘土岩、豆鲕状铝土质粘土岩和铝质粘土岩;3)龙潭组(P3l)Fe-Al岩系中,Sc主要分布于中部和南西部,Nb和REE主要分布于北部、南西部,Sc主要富集于下部,Nb和REE主要富集于上部及上覆煤系地层底部,主要赋存岩性分别为凝灰质粘土岩、植物屑粘土岩和碳质粘土岩;4)Sc和Nb主要以类质同象形式呈分散状态赋存于粘土矿物、独居石、金红石等中,REE以离子吸附态、类质同象和独立矿物等多种赋存;5)Sc、Nb,REE富集经历了风化作用初始富集,后期成岩改造作用再次富集过程,此外,还与Fe-Al岩系完整性有关.     

Mineral Components, Texture, and Forming Conditions of Hydrothermal Chimney on the East Pacific Rise at 9°-10°N

To characterize the hydrothermal processes of East Pacific rise at 9°-10°N, sulfide mineral compositions, textural, and geochemical features of chimney ores were studied using ore microscope,scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electron microprobe techniques. Results show that there are three mineral assemblages for the hydrothermal chimney ores, namely：（i） anhydrite ＋ marcasite ＋ pyrite, （ii） pyrite ＋ sphalerite ＋ chalcopyrite, and （iii） chalcopyrite ＋ bornite ＋ digenite ＋ covellite. Mineral assemblages, zonational features, and geochemical characteristics of the ore minerals indicate that ore fluid temperature changed from low to high then to low with a maximum temperature up to 400 ℃. The chimney is a typical black smoker. The initial structure of the chimney was formed by the precipitation of anhydrites, and later the sulfides began to precipitate in the inner wall.     

我国煤层甲烷碳同位素分布特征与瓦斯成因类型划分探讨

以170余组煤层甲烷碳同位素测定结果为依据,分析了我国煤层瓦斯的δ13C,值分布特征,探讨了瓦斯成因类型划分,研究结果显示：δ13C,值分布范围为～73．3％0—27．3‰,δ13C,值随煤的变质程度的增加总体增大,无烟煤阶段以后,δ13C。的变化趋于平稳,在-35‰上下波动;根据煤层甲烷碳同位素与煤级之间的变化关系,以煤的最大镜质体反射率作为指标,将我国煤层瓦斯成因分为次生生物成因气、混合成因气和热成因气三大类,并指出了我国部分煤矿区的瓦斯成因类型。     

Hydrothermal Fluid Sources of the Fengjia Barite–fluorite Deposit in Southeast Sichuan,China: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes

The Fengjia barite–fluorite deposit in southeast Sichuan is a stratabound ore deposit which occurs mainly in Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks. Here we present results from fluid inclusion and oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to determine the nature and origin of the hydrothermal fluids that generated the deposit. The temperature of the ore‐forming fluid shows a range of 86 to 302 °C. Our detailed microthermometric data show that the temperature during mineralization of the fluorite and barite in the early ore‐forming stage was higher than that during the formation of the calcite in the late ore‐forming stage. The salinity varied substantially from 0.18% to 21.19% NaCl eqv., whereas the density was around 1.00 g/cm³. The fluid composition was mainly H₂O (>91.33%), followed by CO₂, CH₄ and traces of C₂H₆, CO, Ar, and H₂S. The dominant cation was Na⁺ and the dominant anion Cl^‐, followed by Ca²⁺, SO₄^2‐, K⁺, and Mg²⁺, indicating a mid–low‐temperature, mid‐low‐salinity, low‐density NaCl–H₂O system. Our results demonstrate that the temperature decreased during the ore‐forming process and the fluid system changed from a closed reducing environment to an open oxidizing environment. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope data demonstrate that the hydrothermal fluids in the study area had multiple sources, primarily formation water, as well as meteoric water and metamorphic water. Combined with the geological setting and mineralization features we infer that the stratabound barite–fluorite deposits originated from mid–low‐temperature hydrothermal fluids and formed vein filling in the fault zone.