微板块与大板块：基本原理与范式转换

传统板块构造理论50多年来一直是占统治地位的地学理论，是理解固体地球运行的基本范式，但遇到三大难题：板块起源、板内变形和板块驱动力。针对这三大难题，微板块构造理论试图开拓一个全球构造研究的新范式。本文通过与传统板块构造理论中基本原理的逐条对比，阐明了微板块构造理论的基本原理和优势及其对传统板块构造理论的拓展。微板块构造范式既不同于传统板块构造范式，又不同于地幔柱范式，是两者的重要补充与拓展。文中着重从几何学、运动学、动力学、适用范围、理论出发点、理论假设与预测的角度，阐明了大板块与微板块的异同，并探讨了两者的转换关系及其转换机制的多样性，介绍了微板块生长成为大板块的4种途径、大〖JP2〗板块破碎为微板块的3种转换模式，探索了前板块构造体制下微地块在非线性地球系统中通过自组织、自生长等方式，进化为板块体制下微板块的自然选择过程。本文还提出陆壳型微地块是密度选择的结果，其密度决定了其保存机制，这是陆壳起源的根本；〖JP〗微地块向微板块的转变是刚性选择的结果，其刚性是初始板块构造体制起始的必要条件；微板块不对称俯冲或对流型式的转变是热选择的结果，其热不对称性是现代板块构造体制起始的必要条件。     

黄土高原生态脆弱贫困区生态经济发展模式研究——以甘肃省定西地区为例

本文对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区定西地区生态脆弱与贫困的双重矛盾进行了定性与定量相结合的分析,研究表明定西地区“脆弱-贫困”恶性循环是自然与人文要素长期作用的结果,近几十年又以人为因素的作用为主。在总结定西地区解放以来一手抓生态环境建设,一手抓扶贫攻坚,整体解决温饱的成功经验基础上,提出了黄土高原生态脆弱的贫困地区生态经济发展模式;实践证明,生态经济发展模式是黄土高原生态脆弱的贫困地区打破“脆弱-贫困”恶性循环,实现可持续发展的必由之路     

有限导电内核的驱动方式对发电机模型的影响

本文以两种绝缘内核的发电机为基准,设置内核电导率与外核相同,选择了以固定速度超速旋转和在外核驱动下发生旋转的两种内核旋转模式,比较分析不同模型间的能量差异、磁场强度、磁雷诺数、磁极翻转频率和四个类地发电机参数.结果表明:对于弱偶极子发电机模型,有限导电内核的引入会对其偶极子强度的相对变化量造成较大影响,最高达103.0...     

苏锡常地区地裂缝分形的初步研究

利用分形理论对苏锡常地区地裂缝的空间分布特征进行了初步探讨,计算出该区地裂缝的分维值在0987～0996之间。分析认为,该区地裂缝在地质作用过程中自组织程度一致性较强,并具局部与整体的自相似性,这种自相似性,对研究该区地裂缝的进一步发展可能有一定的预测意义     

Morphotectonics and tectonic processes of the Southwest Indian OceanEI北大核心CSCD

The Southwest Indian mid-ocean ridge (SWIR) is an ultraslow spreading ridge. Based on the submarine bathymetric data, we develop a new division principle on submarine morphotectonics and subdivide the SWIR into the seven-order tectonic geomorphologic units. Taking its submarine morphotectonics in the middle segment and adjacent seafloors of the mid-ocean ridge between Discovery II and Gallieni transform faults as a sample, this paper systematically analyzes its tectonic evolution, segmentation, segmentation and propagation mechanism, the formation of the central rift valley, the ridge-plume interactions, and the ocean ridge jumping. The results showed that the mid-ocean ridges can be divided into four three-order morphotectonics units (i.e., one-order segments of mid-ocean ridge), from west to east, which are separated by the Andrew Bain, the Prince Edwards, the Discovery II, and the Gallieni transform faults, respectively, corresponding to ridge landforms associated with a strongly hotspot-affected ridge, a weakly hotspot-affected ridge, and a normal ultraslow spreading ridge. Each segment can be further subdivided into three or four secondary segments. This paper focuses only on the segmentation and division from fourth-order to seventh-order morphotectonics units between the Discovery II and the Gallieni transform faults (i.e., the fourth-order morphotectonics unit of mid-ocean ridges can be subdivided into other three secondary units). Here the seventh-order morphotectonics unit consists of segments of laterally-aligned rifts (shear zone), en echelon rifts, and other transverse-faulting structures. The mid-ocean ridge segment experienced three oceanic ridge jumping at about 80 Ma, 60 Ma and 40 Ma, respectively, which were affected by the Marion and Crozet hotspots, or the Madagascar Plateau, etc. The oceanic processes of the SWIR are related to the Gondwana breakup, and its tectonic processes has been analyzed in detail as the periodic pull-apart extension, domino-style half-graben, graben subsidence, oceanic core complex, etc. in axial mid-oceanic ridge since 20 Ma. ©, 2015, Science Press. All right reserved.     

渤海湾盆地大歧口凹陷新生代构造演化与盆地原型

大歧口凹陷位于渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷中北部,是中新生代叠合盆地中新生界沉积最厚的凹陷。本文基于大量二维、三维地震剖面和钻井资料,从凹陷主控断裂活动性、沉积沉降中心分布和构造格架等方面,侧重对大歧口凹陷新生代构造演化过程和原型盆地类型进行研究。认为:1)大歧口凹陷构造单元有4级,凹陷具有"东西分带、南北分块"的平面构造格局和北断南超箕状断陷的剖面结构。2)凹陷内断裂有4级,主要断裂的规模、活动期次和断裂活动具有演化的阶段性和空间的迁移性,典型构造带活动性具有由北往南迁移的特点。3)新生代期间整个大歧口凹陷的沉积沉降中心均在东部海域的歧口主凹内,但整体具有往南迁移的趋势。4)凹陷经历了拓展裂谷、拉分断陷、箕状断陷和碟状坳陷4个构造演化阶段,断陷阶段在整个构造演化时期意义重大,且具有走滑拉分特点。故认为大歧口凹陷原型盆地是一种"板内拉分盆地"。     

Automatic detection and correction algorithms for magnetic saturation in the SMFT/HSOS longitudinal magnetograms

A longitudinal magnetic field often suffers the saturation effect in a strong magnetic field region when the measurement is performed at a single-wavelength point and linear calibration is adopted.In this study,we develop a method that can judge the threshold of saturation in Stokes V/I observed by the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope(SMFT)and correct it automatically.The procedure is to first perform the second-order polynomial fit to the Stokes V/I vs.I/I_m(I_m is the maximum value of Stokes I)curve to estimate the threshold of saturation,then reconstruct Stokes V/I in a strong field region to correct for saturation.The algorithm is demonstrated to be effective by comparing with the magnetograms obtained by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager(HMI).The accuracy rate of detection and correction for saturation is~99.4%and~88%respectively among 175 active regions.The advantages and disadvantages of the algorithm are discussed.     

华北地块中部活动构造特征及汾渭地堑成因探讨

研究区位处华北克拉通中部,受太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域的影响,新生代开始裂解,先后形成了渤海湾盆地和汾渭地堑。第四纪以来,华北地块中部活动日趋活跃,不同走向的断裂和盆地也表现出不同的活动性。NW向和近EW向断裂主要表现为左旋走滑性质,而NE向断裂则主要表现为正断性质。NNE向断裂虽也表现出正断性质,但右旋走滑性质正逐渐占主导地位。汾渭地堑中,NE向盆地与NNE向的盆地也因此表现出一定的活动差异。盆地形成初期,两种走向的盆地沉降速率差别不大,但第四纪以来,NE向盆地的沉降速率已大大超过NNE盆地。对于第四纪以来这种构造运动的表现,同时结合GPS观测数据及青藏高原的大规模隆升与华北地块中部山地相对隆升和盆地沉降事件在时间上的高度一致性,推测华北地块中部中新世以来的构造活动主要受印度与欧亚板块碰撞的挤出作用影响,在NWW和NE向剪切应力的作用下,华北地块中部自南北两端受NWWSEE向拉张的合力作用下开始裂解。随着青藏高原隆升速度的加快,两种剪切应力也随之增强,其合力的影响范围逐渐向中心向东不断扩展,形成了一系列的NNE和NEE向盆地。同时,NE向剪切应力增幅明显强于NWW向剪切,导致其合力由NW向拉张逐渐转变为NNW向拉张,引起不同走向断层活动性的差异与不同走向盆地沉降速率的相应改变。     

Driving forces and management strategies for estuaries in northern China

Estuaries, which lie at the end of rivers, belong to the interlocking area between marine ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems. In the estuary region, there are plenty of biological resources that carry many important ecosystem services. However, severe degradation of the estuary ecosystem in northern China has been caused by anthropogenic disturbances, including water pollution from upstream area, change of marine environmental dynamics, animal habitat loss, and unreasonable exploitation in the estuary region. In order to provide scientific evidence for restoration and conservation of the estuary ecosystem, we collected data from published literature to analyze the ecological problems in several main estuary regions in northern China, such as the Yellow River estuary, Liaohe River estuary, Haihe River estuary, Yalu River estuary, and some others. The main ecological problems in the estuary region of northern China include the input decrease of fresh water from rivers, the change of the sediment input from rivers, the destruction of the estuary wetland ecosystem, the environmental pollution in the estuary region, the erosion in the estuary region, seawater encroachment, the biodiversity decline of the estuary region, and the depletion of the fish resources in the estuary region. Meanwhile, the driving forces for these ecological problems in the estuary region were also assessed. Based on the analysis of these driving forces, we propose several pieces of advice for integrated estuary management in northern China, including the creation of a management system for estuary conservation, improvement of the means and strength of the environmental law execution, increased investment on scientific research in the estuary ecosystem, improvement of public participation on the conservation for the estuary environment and biodiversity, and construction of a monitoring system for the estuary environment.     

基于GIS的孔隙含水层系统三维空间离散方法研究

分析了目前孔隙地下水流三维有限差分数值模拟中对含水层系统三维空间离散存在的问题，针对自然界孔隙含水层与隔水层空间分布的不连续性与厚度的不均匀性，研究了基于GIS的孔隙含水层系统三维空间离散实现的技术路线，提出了基于GIS与不规则六面体元的孔隙含水层系统的三维空间离散方法，最大限度地保证了离散体元中含水层类型的单一性，提高了孔隙地下水流模拟模型三维空间离散的精度。