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71.
Several processes may produce global tectonic patterns on the surface of a planetary body. The stresses associated with distortions of biaxial figures due to despinning or reorientation were first calculated by Vening Meinesz [Vening Meinesz, F.A., 1947. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 28 (1), 1-23]. We adopt a mathematically equivalent, but physically more meaningful treatment for distortions associated with rotation. The new approach allows us to find analytic solutions for the general case of stresses associated with distortions of biaxial or triaxial planetary figures. Distortions of biaxial figures may be driven by variations in rotation rate, rotation axis orientation, or the combination of both. Distortions of triaxial figures may be driven by the same mechanisms and/or variations in tidal axis orientation for tidally deformed satellites. While the magnitude of the resulting stresses depends on the adopted elastic and physical parameters, the expected tectonic pattern is independent of these parameters for these mechanisms. Reorientation of the rotation/tidal axis alone is expected to produce normal/thrust faulting provinces enclosing the initial rotation/tidal poles, and thrust/normal faulting provinces enclosing the final rotation/tidal poles. Reorientation of both the rotation and tidal axis results in a wide variety of tectonic patterns for different reorientation geometries. On Europa, the tidal axis reorientation which generally accompanies rotation axis reorientations may provide an alternative explanation for tectonic features that have been interpreted as evidence for non-synchronous rotation. The observed tectonic pattern on Enceladus is more easily explained by a large reorientation (∼90°) of the rotation axis, than by rotation rate variations. 相似文献
72.
Arne P. Willner Axel Gerdes Hans-Joachim Massonne Alexander Schmidt Masafumi Sudo Stuart N. Thomson Graciela Vujovich 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,162(2):303-327
The Guarguaraz Complex in West Argentina formed during collision between the microplate Chilenia and South America. It is
composed of neritic clastic metasediments with intercalations of metabasic and ultrabasic rocks of oceanic origin. Prograde
garnet growth in metapelite and metabasite occurred between 1.2 GPa, 470°C and 1.4 GPa, 530°C, when the penetrative s2-foliation was formed. The average age of garnet crystallization of 390 ± 2 Ma (2σ) was determined from three four-point Lu–Hf
mineral isochrones from metapelite and metabasite samples and represents the time of collision. Peak pressure conditions are
followed by a decompression path with slight heating at 0.5 GPa, 560°C. Fluid release during decompression caused equilibration
of mineral compositions at the rims and also aided Ar diffusion. An 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of white mica at 353 ± 1 Ma (1σ) indicates the time of cooling below 350–400°C. These temperatures were attained
at pressures of 0.2–0.3 GPa, indicative of an average exhumation rate of ≥1 mm/a for the period 390–353 Ma. Late hydrous influx
at 0.1–0.3 GPa caused pervasive growth of sericite and chlorite and reset the Ar/Ar ages of earlier coarse-grained white mica.
At 284–295 Ma, the entire basement cooled below 280°C (fission track ages of zircon) after abundant post-collisional granitoid
intrusion. The deeply buried epicontinental sedimentary rocks, the high peak pressure referring to a low metamorphic geotherm
of 10–12°C/km, and the decompression/heating path are characteristics of material buried and exhumed within a (micro) continent–continent
collisional setting. 相似文献
73.
It is commonly assumed that internal energy dissipation will ultimately drive planets to principal axis rotation, i.e., where the rotation vector is aligned with the maximum principle axis, since this situation corresponds to the minimum rotational energy state. This assumption simplifies long-term true polar wander (TPW) studies since the rotation pole can then be found by diagonalizing the appropriate (non-equilibrium) inertia tensor. We show that for planets with elastic lithospheres the minimum energy state does not correspond to principal axis rotation. As the planet undergoes reorientation elastic energy is stored in the deforming lithosphere, and the state of minimum total energy is achieved before principal axis rotation. We find solutions for the TPW of planets that include this effect by calculating the elastic stresses associated with deformation, and then minimizing the total (rotational and elastic) energy. These expressions indicate that the stored elastic energy acts to reduce the effective size of the driving load (relative to predictions which do not include this energy term). Our derivation also yields expressions for the TPW-induced stress field that generalizes several earlier results. As an illustration of the new theory, we consider TPW driven by the development of the Tharsis volcanic province on Mars. Once the size of the Tharsis load and the Mars model is specified, the extended theory yields a more limited range on the possible TPW. 相似文献
74.
Mónica Vásquez Uwe Altenberger Rolf L. Romer Masafumi Sudo Juan Manuel Moreno-Murillo 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2010,29(2):171-186
The Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes represents an inverted Cretaceous basin where Cretaceous magmatism is characterized by rare mafic dykes and sills. We use 40Ar/39Ar, Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes, as well as major and trace elements analyses of Cretaceous intrusions from both flanks of the Eastern Cordillera in combination with structural data to document the complex evolution of the basin. Magmatism, which is diachronous and geochemically diverse, seems to be related to mantle melting beneath the most subsiding segments of each sub-basin during enhanced extensional tectonics. The mafic intrusions display two different compositional series: an alkaline one with OIB-like pattern and a tholeiitic one with MORB-like features. This indicates at least two diverse mantle sources. Trace-element patterns suggest that the intrusions were emplaced in an extensional setting. 40Ar/39Ar dating on primary plagioclase and hornblende provides plateau ages between ~136 and ~74 Ma.The geochemical and temporal diversities show that the emplacement of the magmas was tectonically controlled, each sub-basin reflecting an individual subsidence event. 相似文献
75.
Isamu Matsuyama 《Icarus》2013,222(1):411-414
The unusual shape of the Moon given its present rotational and orbital state has been explained as due to a fossil figure preserving a record of remnant rotational and tidal deformation (Jeffreys, H. [1915]. Mem. R. Astron. Soc. 60, 187–217; Lambeck, K., Pullan, S. [1980]. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 22, 29–35; Garrick-Bethell, I., Wisdom, J., Zuber, M.T. [2006]. Science 313, 652–655). However, previous studies assume infinite rigidity and ignore deformation due to changes in the rotational and orbital potentials as the Moon evolves to the present state. We interpret the global lunar figure with a physical model that takes into account this deformation. Although the Moon deforms in response to rotational and orbital changes, a fossil figure capable of explaining the observed figure can be preserved by an elastic lithosphere. 相似文献
76.
Masafumi Kamachi Tsurane Kuragano Noriya Yoshiok Jiang Zhu Francesco Uboldi 《大气科学进展》2001,18(5):767-786
l. IntroductionLinear dynamics ls domlnant as a response to atmospheric forcing in the equatrialregion. In the mid-- to high--latitudes, ocean represents nonlinear phenomena such as strongcurrents and meso--scale eddies. Heat and water fluxes are also important. The resultantscales of the phenomena are rather small. We developed, for the mid-- to high--latitudes, anocean data assimilation system COMPASS--K: Comprehensive Ocean ModeIing, Prediction,Analysis and Synthesis System in the K… 相似文献
77.
Yoshimitsu Fukushima Masafumi Mori Shin'ichi Matsuzaki Shuji Kobayashi Yuki Ohno 《Journal of Seismology》2001,5(1):63-72
A semi-empirical approach using fore- or after-shockrecords as Green's functions is applicable to thesimulation of strong ground motion, however suchrecords are obviously not available for predictionpurposes. Thus we have predicted ground motion fora hypothetical large earthquake from other minorevents by adopting a distance correction based ongeometrical spreading. Another difficulty inprediction is fault modeling. Surface traces weresimplified as fault models 27, 46, 55, and 77 km inlength. Further, the actual fault rupture may beinhomogeneous, so an asperity distribution isassumed. This asperity model assumes thatdislocation and stress drop are double than theaverage values. Although, the near field term isneglected in our simulation, no significantdifference was seen in the motions estimated byindividual models for periods up to 2.0 seconds. This indicates that the dependence of source size issmall for strong motion, perhaps as a result of therandom summation of high-frequency phases. 相似文献
78.
Noriko Hasebe Ayako Fukutani Masafumi Sudo Takahiro Tagami 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2001,63(6):377-386
K-Ar ages were measured on Quaternary polygenetic and monogenetic volcanoes in the Higashi-Izu region, Izu peninsula, central Japan, using the unspiked sensitivity method with mass-fractionation correction procedure to investigate when eruptive style changed, whether a hiatus existed between the two types of eruptive activity, and the effect of tectonics on the change in eruptive style. The K-Ar ages range from 0.3-0.08 Ma for monogenetic volcanoes and from 1.8-0.2 Ma for polygenetic volcanoes; thus, no volcanic hiatus was found between the two types of eruptive styles. The transition from polygenetic to monogenetic volcanism occurred during a time of overlap between 0.3 and 0.2 Ma, after collision of the Izu block (the future Izu peninsula) with central Japan, estimated as 1.0-0.8 Ma by previous researchers. Based on the review of several tectonic models of the area, the measured age of transition in eruptive style is interpreted to correspond to the change in the stress field of the Higashi-Izu region. 相似文献
79.
Toyoda Takahiro Fujii Yosuke Kuragano Tsurane Kosugi Naohiro Sasano Daisuke Kamachi Masafumi Ishikawa Yoichi Masuda Shuhei Sato Kanako Awaji Toshiyuki Hernandez Fabrice Ferry Nicolas Guinehut Stéphanie Martin Matthew Andrew Peterson K. Good Simon A. Valdivieso Maria Haines Keith Storto Andrea Masina Simona Köhl Armin Yin Yonghong Shi Li Alves Oscar Smith Gregory Chang You-Soon Vernieres Guillaume Wang Xiaochun Forget Gael Heimbach Patrick Wang Ou Fukumori Ichiro Lee Tong Zuo Hao Balmaseda Magdalena 《Climate Dynamics》2017,49(3):891-907
Climate Dynamics - The interannual-decadal variability of the wintertime mixed layer depths (MLDs) over the North Pacific is investigated from an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of an... 相似文献
80.
Tectono‐sedimentary evolution of the northern Iranian Plateau: insights from middle–late Miocene foreland‐basin deposits 下载免费PDF全文
Paolo Ballato Francesca Cifelli Ghasem Heidarzadeh Mohammad R. Ghassemi Andrew D. Wickert Jamshid Hassanzadeh Guillaume Dupont‐Nivet Philipp Balling Masafumi Sudo Gerold Zeilinger Axel K. Schmitt Massimo Mattei Manfred R. Strecker 《Basin Research》2017,29(4):417-446
Sedimentary basins in the interior of orogenic plateaus can provide unique insights into the early history of plateau evolution and related geodynamic processes. The northern sectors of the Iranian Plateau of the Arabia–Eurasia collision zone offer the unique possibility to study middle–late Miocene terrestrial clastic and volcaniclastic sediments that allow assessing the nascent stages of collisional plateau formation. In particular, these sedimentary archives allow investigating several debated and poorly understood issues associated with the long‐term evolution of the Iranian Plateau, including the regional spatio‐temporal characteristics of sedimentation and deformation and the mechanisms of plateau growth. We document that middle–late Miocene crustal shortening and thickening processes led to the growth of a basement‐cored range (Takab Range Complex) in the interior of the plateau. This triggered the development of a foreland‐basin (Great Pari Basin) to the east between 16.5 and 10.7 Ma. By 10.7 Ma, a fast progradation of conglomerates over the foreland strata occurred, most likely during a decrease in flexural subsidence triggered by rock uplift along an intraforeland basement‐cored range (Mahneshan Range Complex). This was in turn followed by the final incorporation of the foreland deposits into the orogenic system and ensuing compartmentalization of the formerly contiguous foreland into several intermontane basins. Overall, our data suggest that shortening and thickening processes led to the outward and vertical growth of the northern sectors of the Iranian Plateau starting from the middle Miocene. This implies that mantle‐flow processes may have had a limited contribution toward building the Iranian Plateau in NW Iran. 相似文献