Trend of Salt Lake Changes in the Background of Global Warming and Tactics for Adaptation to the Changes

Salt lakes are a mirror of climatic changes and provide holographic records of environmental changes of lakes. According to a study of geological hazards in typical salt lake areas in China and other regions, the authors explain how geological hazards in salt lake areas are caused by natural agents and how humans can seek benefits, avoid hazards and reduce losses on the premise that they have monitored and mastered the trend of salt lake changes in advance and even can store flood and recharge water in lakes and extract saline resources. The climate     

Model‐based evaluation of impact of soil redistribution on soil organic carbon stocks in a temperate hedgerow landscape

Agroforestry systems are promoted for providing a number of ecosystem services and environmental benefits, including soil protection and carbon sequestration. This study proposes a modelling approach to quantify the impact of soil redistribution on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in a temperate hedgerow landscape. Evolution of SOC stocks at the landscape scale was examined by simulating vertical and horizontal SOC transfers in the 0–105 cm soil layer due to soil redistribution by tillage and water processes. A spatially explicit SOC dynamics model (adapted from RothC‐26.3) was used, coupled with a soil‐redistribution model (LandSoil). SOC dynamics were simulated over 90 years in an agricultural hedgerow landscape dedicated to dairy farming, with a mix of cropping and grasslands. Climate and land use were simulated considering business‐as‐usual scenarios derived from existing information on the study area. A net decrease in SOC stocks was predicted at the end of the simulation period. Soil redistribution induced a net SOC loss equivalent to 2 kg C ha^?1 yr^?1 because of soil exportation out of the study site and an increase in SOC mineralization. Hedgerows and woods were the only land use in which soil redistribution induced net SOC storage. Soil tillage was the main process that induced soil redistribution within cultivated fields. Soil exportation out of the study area was due to erosion by water, but remained low because of the protective role of the hedgerow network. These soil transfers redistributed SOC stocks in the landscape, mostly within cultivated fields. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

末次间冰期以来渭南黄土地区土壤有机碳碳库的演变

冰期-间冰期的陆地碳库变化成为最近十几年来碳循环研究的热点之一,以深海氧同位素、模型模拟和古环境证据等手段展开对不同时间尺度上不同碳库之间碳通量变化研究.土壤碳库的巨大储量导致了土壤碳库的任何微小波动都比陆地生态系统其他碳库更容易影响陆地生态系统碳循环以及大气CO₂浓度,并最终影响到全球气候变化.通过对过去4万年来黄土高原地区土壤有机碳碳库的演变研究发现,深海氧同位素第3阶段期间,土壤有机碳碳密度相对于磁化率在细节上更能够表现出气候的小波动,这一期间的土壤有机碳碳密度快速上升,在较高的水平上多次波动,可能是因为这一时期的气候环境整体上更适宜碳在黄土古土壤中的累积和保存.在末次盛冰期(LGM)时,土壤有机碳碳密度急剧下降,伴随气候的快速波动,其间有一次较大规模的反弹,持续约2 ka,最低值出现在14 ka BP和19 ka BP.对比深海氧同位素曲线,土壤有机碳碳库与其在末次盛冰期和全新世都表现出良好的一致性.而磁化率在大约15 ka BP以后就开始增加,似乎超前于土壤有机碳碳密度和深海氧同位素的增加.并且,在全新世早期到晚期土壤有机碳碳密度经历了逐渐上升继而下降的变化过程,该时段的最高值出现在大约7~5 ka BP.      

foF2月中值太阳循环变化及单站谱模型研究

利用我国9个电离层观测站第21和22太阳周大约20年的foF2月中值数据,分析太阳活动和地磁活动对电离层foF2的影响,结果显示白天和夏季夜间foF2和太阳黑子数R之间存在着明显非线性关系,并且随着纬度的降低逐渐增强.当回归分析加入地磁Ap指数时,多重回归模型与实测值误差进一步减小,说明同时考虑太阳活动和地磁活动的非线性影响能够更好地描述foF2的变化.基于foF2与太阳黑子数R及地磁指数Ap之间的非线性统计关系,利用Fourier级数建立9个单站谱模型,并与国际参考电离层IRI进行了比较,精度有一定提高.     

基于信息熵与多重分形理论的非均匀流动分析

根据粘土和壤土中非均匀水流运动的示踪试验, 研究了土壤水非均匀流动模式, 并基于信息熵与多重分形理论探讨了多孔介质中流动的非均匀性质.不同土质试验研究的分析结果表明, 各深度信息熵与特征长度具有相反的变化趋势.非均匀流动多重分形特性分析表明, 非均匀流动分布具有很强的自相似性, 但并不是在所有研究尺度范围内都满足标度不变性, 在显色比例相近的情况下, 壤土和粘土中水流运动标度不变性的范围表现出显著的差异.      

Elemental and isotopic compositions of the hydrothermal sulfide on the East Pacific Rise near 13°N

The mineralogical,elemental,and isotopic characteristics of a hydrothermal sulfide sample from one dredge station (12°42.30'N,103°54.48'W,water depth 2655 m) on the East Pacific Rise near 13°N were analyzed.The hydrothermal sulfide was composed mainly of sphalerite,chalcopyrite,and pyrite and was a Zn-rich sulfide;in layer ep-s-1,goethite formed by secondary oxidation was found.The concentrations of rare elements,such as Li (0.15×10-6-0.30×10-6),Be (0.01×10-6-0.05×10-6),Zr (73.8×10-9-1344×10-9),Nb (8.14×10-9-64.7×10-9),Hf (2.54×10-9-28.0×10-9),and Ta (0.203×10-9-1.21×10-9),were far lower in the hydrothermal sulfide than in the ocean crust,whereas the content of Au was higher and the contents of Co,Ni,Sr,Cs,Ba,Bi,and U were low.The correlations between Zn and Cr,Cd and Ga,Cu and P,P and In (R2 0.8) were positive,whereas those between Zn and Fe,Cu,and Ba (R2 0.8) were distinctly negative.From low-temperature mineral assemblages to high-temperature mineral assemblages,the spatial distributions of dispersive and rare elements (e.g.In,Li,Cs) in the hydrothermal sulfide displayed corresponding variations.The variations observed in some elements (e.g.,Cd,Cs,P) are controlled by Zn,Fe,and Cu sulfides,respectively.Seafloor weathering accounts for the enrichment of V,Mn,and rare earth elements (REE) in the henna sulfide-oxidation layer that bears the secondary oxide mineral,leading to identical REE patterns for this layer (ep-s-1) and seawater.Seafloor weathering also distinctly affects the correlations between the element ratios of the hydrothermal sulfide.From high-temperature mineral assemblages to low-temperature mineral assemblages,Fe content and δ 34S value of the hydrothermal sulfide increase gradually,and Zn content and lead isotopic ratios decrease gradually on the contrary,which indicate the influences of seawater on elements and the sulfur and lead isotopic compositions enhance gradually during the formation of hydrothermal sulfides.     

Radiosonde observations of high-latitude planetary waves in the lower atmosphere

The characteristics of high-latitude planetary waves (PWs) in the troposphere and lower stratosphere (TLS) are studied by using the data from radiosonde observations during 1998 to 2006 at three Alaskan stations in USA (Nome, 64.50°N, 165.43°W; McGrath, 62.97°N, 155.62°W; Fairbanks, 64.82°N, 147.87°W). It is found that strong PWs exist in two regions. One is around tropopause, and the other is in the polar night jet (PNJ) in winter. The PW activities are rather intermittent, and their lifetimes are no longe...     

Glacier runoff variation and its influence on river runoff during 1961–2006 in the Tarim River Basin, China

Using monthly precipitation and temperature data from national meteorological stations, 90 m resolution DEM and a digital vector map of modern glaciers from the Chinese Glacier Inventory, the glacier mass balance and glacier runoff in the Tarim River Basin (TRB), China, were estimated based on a monthly degree-day model for 1961–2006. The results suggest that the modified monthly degree-day model can simulate the long-term changes in glacier mass balance and glacier runoff, which have been confirmed by shor...     

Cloning,characterization,and expression analysis of the DEAD-box family genes,Fc-vasa and Fc-PL10a,in Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis)

RNA helicases of the DEAD-box and related families are involved in various cellular processes including DNA replication,DNA repair,and RNA processing.However,the function of DEAD-box proteins in aquaculture species is poorly understood at molecular level.We obtained the full-length cDNA sequences of two genes encoding helicase-related proteins,Fc-vasa and Fc-PL10a,from the testes of Chinese shrimp,Fenneropenaeus chinensis.The two predicted amino acid sequences contain all the conserved motifs characterized ...     

Distribution and expression in vitro and in vivo of DNA vaccine against lymphocystis disease virus in Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)

Lymphocystis disease,caused by the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV),is a significant worldwide problem in fish industry causing substantial economic losses.In this study,we aimed to develop the DNA vaccine against LCDV,using DNA vaccination technology.We evaluated plasmid pEGFP-N2-LCDV1.3 kb as a DNA vaccine candidate.The plasmid DNA was transiently expressed after liposome transfection into the eukaryotic COS 7 cell line.The distribution and expression of the DNA vaccine (pEGFP-N2-LCDV1.3kb) were also ana...