植硅体研究及其应用的讨论

植硅体是填充于高等植物细胞组织中的非晶质含水二氧化硅颗粒，记录了它所起源的植物细胞的特征，可以在土层或沉积物中很好地保存下来。通过植硅体的形态鉴定和确定组合带，可以恢复古植被、讨论植物群落演替，推断第四纪古气候环境及其变迁，指导地层划分对比。结合数学方法可以进一步计算出各种古环境气候的参数值，从而用以研究气候波动和发现气候事件，进行全球对比研究。在考古学、土壤学、农学和医学等领域，植硅体也得到了广泛的应用。     

Late Quaternary Calcareous Nannofossils from the Offshore Sediments in southern Hongkong

Based upon the features of nannofossil composition, distribution, abundance and diversity, the fossil-bearing sediments exposed by five drill holes in the offshore area of southern Hongkong can be divided into the upper Middle Pleistocene, the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene. There were two palaeoclimatic stages in the Holocene in this area according to fossil palaeoecologic and sedimentation analyses: the temperature-rising stage and the warm stage. The latter involves two temperature-falling periods, which could be the major factor causing sea-level fall during that time.     

Computation of Design Load and Motion for Floating Structures Navigating in Waves

—Analytical and numerical investigation is made of the source potential for floating structurewith forward speed in waves.A particular form is selected for numerical applications,where the double in-tegral of the Green function is transformed into the single one and the oscillation characteristics forintegrands in the specific computation domain are treated numerically.A comparison of calculated exam-p1es with published data is given and it shows that the numerical simulation is satisfactory and the accura-cy is adequate to engineering application.     

Numerical Simulations on the Explosive Cyclogensis over the Kuroshio Current

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北太平洋副热带模态水形成区混合层热动力过程诊断分析

利用NCEP海洋数据和COADS海气通量资料,通过诊断分析,揭示了海表热力强迫、垂直夹卷、埃克曼平流和地转平流效应在北太平洋副热带模态水形成过程中的贡献。研究表明,在北太平洋副热带3个模态水形成海域冬季混合层降温过程中,海表热力强迫和垂直夹卷效应是主导因素,二者的相对贡献分别约为67%和19%(西部模态水)、53%和21%(中部模态水)、65%和30%(东部模态水);并且在东部模态水形成海域,埃克曼平流和地转平流皆是暖平流效应,而在西部和中部模态水形成海域,仅有地转平流是暖平流效应。进一步的分析表明,海洋平流(地转平流、埃克曼平流)对北太平洋副热带模态水形成海域秋、冬季混合层温度的年际、年代际异常有显著影响,在西部模态水形成海域,海表热力强迫(62%)和地转平流(32%)是导致混合层温度年际、年代际变化的主要因子;在中部模态水形成海域,混合层温度的年际、年代际变化是埃克曼平流(32%)、地转平流(30%)和海表热力强迫(25%)共同作用的结果;相对而言,东部模态水形成海域混合层温度的年际、年代际异常主要受海表热力强迫(67%)控制。     

同化海温观测数据研究波浪破碎对海洋上层结构的影响

首先利用考虑波浪破碎效应的Mellor-Yamada 2.5阶湍流闭合方案,探讨了海表温度(SST)对波能因子α和Charnock数β的敏感性问题。然后采用变分数据同化途径,基于Papa海洋天气站(OWS Papa Station)的上层温度观测数据,对该参数化方案中的波能因子α和Charnock数β两个参数进行了最优估计。最优估计的结果表明,当α约为167、β约为4.1×105时,价值函数达到最小值。利用上述参数的最优估计进行海温的数值模拟,可以较好地反映出海表温度的日变化和月变化过程,模拟的上混合层的温度和深度也与观测较为一致。最后利用以上参数的最优估计结果对湍动能方程进行诊断计算,研究了波浪破碎对海洋上层湍能量收支的影响。     

南海北部陆架区底层渔业资源的空间分布特征

根据2006年10月至2007年9月南海北部大陆架海域4个航次底拖网调查资料,分析了该海域渔业资源的种类组成、种类丰富度和渔获率的空间分布。结果表明,渔获种类数以湛江断面最多(405种),汕头断面最少(337种)。种类数随水深变化呈非对称正态分布,以40—80m水深组种类数最多。物种丰富度指数D的空间分布与种类数基本一致。在总渔获物中,鱼类、头足类和甲壳类3大类群重量组成比例为80:12:8,在断面分布上,组成比例鱼类以珠江口断面最高,头足类以湛江断面最高,甲壳类以阳江断面最高。在水深分布上,鱼类占比随水深的增加而增加,头足类占比在40—100m水深较高,甲壳类在10—20m浅水区最高。鱼类最主要的优势种有6种,其中,深水金线鱼主要在90—120m水深占优势,黄鳍马面鲀在60—90m水深占优势,条尾绯鲤在60—120m水深占优势,单棘豹鲂鮄在120—200m水深占优势,六指马鲅在30—60m水深占优势,龙头鱼在10—30m水深占优势。鱼类渔获率断面分布以珠江口和粤西海域较高,汕头海域最低;水深分布渔获率随水深的增加而增加。头足类渔获率以粤西和珠江口海域较高,粤东海域较低;在100m水深范围内,渔获率随水深的增...     

集合滤波和三维变分混合数据同化方法研究

发展了一种新的混合数据同化方法——基于集合滤波和三维变分的混合数据同化方法。该方法将集合调整卡尔曼滤波(ensemble adjustment Kalman filter,EAKF)得到的集合样本扰动通过一个转换矩阵的形式直接作用到背景场上,利用顺序滤波的思想得到分析场的一个扰动;然后在三维变分(three dimensional variational analysis,3D-Var)的框架下与观测数据进行拟合,从而给出分析场的最优估计。文中以Lorenz63模型为例,开展了理想数据同化试验,结果表明,相比于集合调整卡尔曼滤波,这种新的混合同化方法可以给出更好的同化结果。     

膨胀土路堑边坡的滑坡机理分析

膨胀土作为一种特殊土,其路堑边坡开挖之后若不及时防护易出现小规模的浅层滑坡;这类滑坡呈圈椅状体,后缘多出现在坡腰及其附近。为了研究膨胀土路堑边坡的滑坡机理,本文采用数值方法研究了这类边坡浅表风化层、裂隙性及时间效应对滑坡机理及稳定性的影响。研究表明:强度分层、裂隙的存在和蠕变效应共同决定了膨胀土路堑边坡的失稳具有浅层、小规模、渐进性和滑坡后缘通常出现在坡体中部的特点。工程实例和监测结果表明:锚杆框架梁可以有效抑止膨胀土边坡裂隙的扩展和发展,阻止坡体的变形,是这类边坡一种有效的加固方式,值得推广。     

Geochemistry and Modes of Occurrence of Hazardous Trace Elements in the No. 11 Coal Seam, Antaibao Surface Mine, Shanxi Province

Concentrations of seventeen hazardous trace elements including As, Pb, Hg, Se, Cd, Cr, Co, Mo, Mn, Ni, U, V, Th, Be, Sb, Br and Zn in the No.ll coal seam, Antaibao surface mine, Shanxi Province were determined using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis （INAA）, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry （ICP-AES）, Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry （CV-AAS） and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry （GF-AAS）. Comparisons with average concentrations of trace elements in Chinese coal show that the concentrations of Hg and Cd in the No. 11 coal seam, Antaibao surface mine are much higher. They may be harmful to the environment in the process of utilization. The variations of the trace elements contents and pyritic suffur in vertical section indicated that： （a） the concentrations of As, Pb, Mn, and pyritic sulfur decrease from roof to floor; （b） the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Mo are higher in roof, floor and lower in coal seam; （c） the concentration of Br, Sb, and Hg are higher in coal seam and lower in roof and floor; （d） the concentrations of Mo, V, Th and AI vary consistently with the ash yield. Cluster analysis of trace elements, pyritic sulfur, ash yield and major elements, such as AI, Fe, P, Ca shows that： （a） pyritic sulfur, Fe, As, Mn, Ni, Be are closely associated and reflect the influence of pyrite; （b） Mo, Se, Pb, Cr, Th, Co, Ca and A! are related to clay mineral, which is the main source of ash; （c） U, Zn, V, Na, P maybe controlled by phosphate or halite; （d） Hg, Br, Sb and Cd may be mainly organic-associated elements which fall outside the three main groups. The concentration distribution characteristics of trace elements in coal seam and the cluster analysis of major and trace elements showed that the contents of trace elements in the No. 11 coal seam, Antaibao surface mine, are mainly controlled by detrital input and migration from roof and floor.