Effet de la composition des micas trioctaedriques sur les distributions de Rb et Cs a l'etat de traces

An experimental study is reported on the distributions of trace amounts of Rb and Cs between some trioctahedral micas and a hydrothermal solution at 600°C and 1000 bars. The equilibrium constant K_X^min = (X/K)_aq/(X/K)_min varies considerably with the composition of micas. K_Cs^min is equal to 4.2 for phlogopite of theoretical composition, whereas it becomes equal to 8 for a mica close to eastonite. It reaches up to 17 for a mica in which Mg is largely substituted by Al. In annite, Fe(II) analogue of phlogopite, K_Cs^min becomes equal to 1.8. With Rb, the variations of the equilibrium constant are smaller than with Cs. K_Rb^min is 0.65 for phlogopite and increases up to 1.9 for a more aluminous mica. It is 0.44 for annite.The distributions depend very much on the ratios Mg/Fe and Si/Al of the trioctahedral micas. Consequences in geothermometrical interpretation of alkali trace element distributions in natural rocks are considered.     

Rythme et Modalités des Plissements Superposés dans les Chaînes Subalpines Méridionales des Alpes Occidentales Françaises

Résumé Les chaînes subalpines des Alpes françaises offrent un bon exemple de plis de couverture décollés au niveau du Keuper à évaporites. Leur partie méridionale, au S du Vercors et au N et NE des Chaînes Provençales, montre en outre l'entrecroisement de deux systèmes plissés presque orthogonaux: un système E-W, dit pyrénéoprovençal, dont la genèse s'étale du Crétacé supérieur à l'Eocène moyen, et un système N-S à NW-SE, dit alpin, qui date de l'Oligocène et du Néogène. Il y a donc eu deux étapes majeures de plissements qui se sont succédées dans le temps; mais on doit se demander si chacune de ces étapes était faite d'une succession de phases tectoniques courtes séparées par des intervalles relativement plus longs de calme tectonique, ou bien si elles correspondent à de longues périodes de déformations continues; ces deux postulats paraissent ici également vraisemblables. La première période, celle des plis pyrénéens, semble avoir fait naître des plis droits assez simples, parfois de style éjectif, dont les anticlinaux ont souvent, dès l'Eocène, été érodés jusqu'au Jurassique supérieur. A l'Oligocène et au Miocène, des plis N-S à NW-SE sont nés, dans les domaines qui n'étaient pas déjà plissés, tandis que les plis E-W déjà existants ont été accentués et rompus, dégénérant parfois en chevauchements caractérisés par des troncatures des flancs inverses des plis. A l'échelle des Alpes Occidentales comme à celle des Chaînes Subalpines Méridionales et des « arcs » élémentaires qui les composent, les structures plissées disposées en arc ne sont pas simples, mais sont l'aboutissement d'une évolution tectonique longue et complexe.

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The Subalpine Chains of the French Western Alps give a good example of cover folds, which are detached along evaporite-bearing upper-Triassic beds. Their southern half shows also the intersection of two successive folded systems: E-W pyrenean folds (upper Cretaceous-middle Eocene), followed by N-S to NW-SE alpine folds (Oligocene—Miocene). It is therefore possible to distinguish two successive stages of tectonic deformation, but the problem remains to decide whether these stages can be divided into a certain number of short tectonic phases, or are long and continuous periods of tectonic deformation. It is shown that these two answers to the problem are two postulates, which seem to be equally probable. The first pyrenean stage of deformation gave rise to relatively simple folds, often of the ejective style type. The second, alpine, stage, occurred after and during subaerial erosion. In the areas where earlier E-W folds did not occur, new alpine N-S to NW-SE folds rose, whereas in the areas where earlier E-W folds were present, refolding of these folds only occurred, often accompanied by breaks, i. e. wrench faults and overthrusts, the latter often showing subhorizontal truncation of nearly vertical beds. In the same manner as for the entire Western Alps arc, the fold arcs in the southern subalpine chains are not simple virgations, but the result of a long and complex tectonic evolution.

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Zusammenfassung Die subalpinen Ketten der französischen Westalpen sind ein gutes Beispiel von abgescherten Falten einer sedimentären Serie. Ihr südlicher Teil zeigt die Kreuzung von zwei Faltensystemen: Pyrenäische E-W-Falten (Obere Kreide -Mittleres Eozän) und alpine N-S-oder NW-SE-Falten (Oligozän-Miozän). Es bleibt das Problem, ob diese zwei Faltungsperioden in verschiedene tektonische Phasen gegliedert werden müssen oder nicht. Beide Hypothesen scheinen gleich wahrscheinlich zu sein. Während der ersten pyrenäischen Faltungsperiode entstehen nur einfache ejektive Falten. Die zweite, alpine Periode verlief während und nach kontinentaler Erosion; die ersten E-W-Falten wurden überkippt und zerbrachen, so daß Überschiebungen entstanden. Für die Westalpen sowie für die einzelnen Ketten der subalpinen Ketten sind Faltenbögen nicht einfache Virgationen, sondern verwickelte Strukturen, deren Geschichte lang und verschieden war.

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Le probléme des relations des schistes lustrés piémontais avec la zone briançonnaise dans les alpes cottiennes

This paper deals with the tectonic and paleogeographic relations of two main internal zones of the Western Alps: The Briançonnais zone (“geanticline”, with thin sedimentation during Jurassic and Cretaceous times), and the still more internal Piemont zone (“eugeosyncline”, with Mesozoic-Post-Triassic-“Schistes lustrés” and Ophiolites). From structural, and especially stratigraphic and paleontological proofs, it can be concluded that, the Schistes-lustrés-complex (with or without his fossiliferous triassic-liassic basis) is thrusted over the Briançonnais zone; intermediate tectonic units are known; they belong to the intermediate paleogeographic Acclegio zone having undergone intensive Post-Triassic erosion; thus Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones and breccias are transgressive upon the Lower Triassic and Paleozoic basement rocks. This Acceglio zone can be linked with the upper portion of a “Prepiemontese Flexure” parting the Briançonnais geanticline and the Piemont geosyncline. At the lower part of this flexure, no erosion occured, but breccias and microbreccias are interbedded in Post-Triassic “Prepiemontese” sediments (“Schistes lustrés” facies but no ophiolites) belonging to the “Gondran zone” (an external portion of the Piemont zone with triassic dolomites followed by fossiliferous rhaetic an liassic beds). The ophiolite-bearing Schistes lustrés often lie conformably upon the sediments of this Gondran zone, but the contact is not definitely a stratigraphic one: More field research is necessary to decide if these ophiolites and Schistes lustrés really are the stratigraphc continuation (upper jurassic and lower cretaceous?) of the triassic-liassic (and meso-Jurassic?) sequence of the Gondran zone, or if they belong to an independant tectonic unit, coming from some internal zone.     

Dinosaur remains from the type Maastrichtian: an update

Isolated cranial and post-cranial remains of hadrosaurid dinosaurs have been collected from various outcrops in the type area of the Maastrichtian stage during the last few years. In the present contribution, dentary and maxillary teeth are recorded from the area for the first time. Post-cranial elements comprise a newly collected, fragmentary, large right metatarsal III and a broken ?right humerus, recently recognised in the collections of Teylers Museum (Haarlem). Unfortunately, none of these remains can be identified to species level. The available material suggests, however, that more than one taxon of non-lambeosaurine hadrosaurid and a possible euhadrosaurian are represented. Most of the new finds are stratigraphically well documented, which means that they may be linked to the recently published sequence-stratigraphic interpretation of the type Maastrichtian. Dinosaur remains recorded previously from the Maastrichtian type area are tabulated.

     

Isolation and characterization of Aeromonas species from an eutrophic tropical estuary

Isolation and characterization of Aeromonas species were undertaken in the Ebrié lagoon (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire) over a one year period. Overall 63% of 501 water samples were identified as positive for Aeromonas spp. A. sobria, A. hydrophila and A. caviae represent respectively 49.20%, 20.63% and 30.15% of the positive samples. Thirty nine of the positive samples were recovered from surface water samples; while 24 bottom water samples were positive for Aeromonas. Aeromonas species are most frequently (82.53) present in the Ebrié lagoon urban area during the rainy and flood seasons when the salinity is low and below 10‰. A lower isolation frequency is noticed during the dry season when water salinity is over 10‰. Finally, a higher isolation frequency occurred in samples with highest counts of Escherichia coli.     

Paleobiological Implications of the Isotopic Signatures (C,N) of Fossil Mammal Collagen in Scladina Cave (Sclayn, Belgium)

An isotopic investigation of upper Pleistocene mammal bones and teeth from Scladina cave (Sclayn, Belgium) demonstrated the very good quality of collagen preservation. A preliminary screening of the samples used the amount of nitrogen in whole bone and dentine in order to estimate the preserved amount of collagen before starting the extraction process. The isotopic abundances of fossil specimens from still-extant species are consistent with their trophic position. Moreover, the¹⁵N isotopic abundance is higher in dentine than in bone in bears and hyenas, a phenomenon already observed in modern specimens. These results demonstrate that the isotopic compositions of samples from Scladina cave can be interpreted in ecological terms. Mammoths exhibit a high¹⁵N isotopic abundance relative to other herbivores, as was the case in Siberian and Alaskan samples. These results suggest distinctive dietary adaptations in herbivores living in the mammoth steppe. Cave bears are clearly isotopically different from coeval brown bears, suggesting an ecological separation between species, with a pure vegetarian diet for cave bear and an omnivorous diet for brown bear.     

Biomarker transformations as constraints for the depositional environment and for maximum temperatures during burial of Opalinus Clay and Posidonia Shale in northern Switzerland

Samples from two argillaceous formations (Opalinus Clay and Posidonia Shale) of near-identical maturity from northern Switzerland were subjected to a geochemical characterisation of organic matter and to confined-system pyrolysis experiments. Throughout the study area, the characteristics of organic matter are similar, indicating a spatially homogeneous sedimentary facies. Posidonia Shale contains marine organic matter deposited in a reducing environment, while a predominantly terrigenous source and a more oxidising environment of deposition was identified for Opalinus Clay. In the western and central parts of the study area, organic maturity is close to the onset of oil generation. In the easternmost part, a higher maturity has been reached due to a deeper burial below thick Tertiary Molasse deposits.Isothermal pyrolysis experiments were conducted at temperatures between 250 and 390 °C over 24 h. Bitumen yields increase along similar pathways for both Opalinus Clay and Posidonia Shale, but the maximum values are displaced by 10–20 °C. Data pertaining to maturity were determined from GC–MS analyses of saturated hydrocarbons, and specific attention was given to C₂₉-sterane and C₃₂-hopane isomerisation ratios. The evolution of these parameters with rising temperature is slightly different in the two formations, which is attributed to the contrasting organic facies. The pyrolysis data, together with literature data from natural basins, were used to calculate kinetic parameters for C₂₉-sterane and C₃₂-hopane, assuming a single-step isomerisation scheme according to the Arrhenius law. The resulting values based on pyrolysis data alone are very similar to those based on the combination of pyrolysis and natural data. Activation energies are similar in both formations, while the frequency factors are up to one order of magnitude higher for Posidonia Shale when compared to Opalinus Clay. For the Benken site, maximum temperature during Cretaceous burial was calculated on the basis of the kinetic data, using the TTI approach. The resulting temperatures of 75–80 °C are 5–10 °C below those derived in the literature from apatite fission-track analysis, vitrinite reflectance and basin modelling.     

Isotope stratigraphy of Neoproterozoic cap carbonates in the Araras Group, Brazil

The Neoproterozoic carbonate sequence on the southeastern border of the Amazon Craton is divided into three lithostratigraphic units: a basal cap dolomite, an intermediate limestone, limestone-mudstone unit, and an upper dolarenite-dolorudite unit. Sections of the cap-carbonate were measured from the inner shelf to the outer shelf. Carbon isotope ratios (relative to PDB) vary between − 10.5 and − 1.7‰ in cap dolomite, and between − 5.4 and + 0.1‰ in laminated limestone and mud-limestone. Limestones and mud-limestones exhibit ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging from 0.70740 to 0.70780. A comparative isotope stratigraphy between the inner-shelf and the middle-shelf basin shows differences in carbon isotope ratios: The cap dolomite and limestones have lower δ¹³C ratios on the border of the basin (inner shelf) than in the middle shelf of the basin. These lower values can be related to shallower environmental conditions and to a stronger influence of the continental border. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios are the same in both areas, and are consistent with seawater composition at around 600 Ma.     

Unravelling the complex structure of a benthic community: A multiscale-multianalytical approach to an estuarine sandflat

We evaluated scale-dependent patterns of distribution of sandflat macroinfauna of a coastal lagoon, using different analytical approaches. The sampled area was divided into three sectors (outer, inner-north, inner-south) containing small promontories. At each side of the promontories we defined stations in a line transect across the sandflat. Thus, we evaluated sediment characteristics and macroinfaunal responses to sectors, orientations and intertidal levels; animal–sediment relationships were also studied. At a large scale, there was a clear pattern of sediment composition and macroinfaunal abundance. While the outer sector had medium to coarse sands, reflecting the high hydrodynamic conditions existing near the lagoon entrance, the inner sectors showed sandy and muddy sediments. Most species were in low abundances at the outer sector. At small scale, macroinfaunal abundance and species richness decreased sharply towards the upper sandflat level. Also at small scale, sediment composition limited the maximal densities reached by all species, with exception of the deposit-feeding polychaetes. Thus, the macroinfaunal community at muddy sediments was dominated by burrowing deposit-feeders, while all species peaked in sandy sediments. Our results suggest that physical factors shaping macroinfaunal communities operate at different scales and are better detected using several analytical approaches. Large scale patterns, associated with along-shore variations in disturbance by currents, were detected as changes in the mean abundance of macroinfauna. Small scale patterns, related to sediment characteristics, were observed as changes in maximal densities of macroinfauna. Small scale patterns, associated with the level of inundation of the sandflats, were detected through changes in the abundance and presence of macroinfauna. The evaluation of the role of the physical conditions on communities must involve the use of several sampling and analytical approaches.