气候和人为因素对植被变化影响的评价方法综述

系统评价气候变化和人为因素引起的植被退化,对有效开展生态工程建设、实现生态环境的可持续发展具有重要意义。目前绝大多研究主要分析气候因素对植被变化的影响,分析气候因素和人类活动对植被变化的双重影响少有研究。本文主要介绍这一双重影响对植被变化的贡献程度的主要研究方法——定性-半定量法、回归分析法、残差趋势法、基于净第一生产力的评价方法。综述分析了气候和人为因素对植被变化驱动的主要结论,总结目前各研究方法存在的问题,提出了未来需要重点加强气候和人为因素对植被变化驱动因素的分解研究,加强模型评价和不确定性量化研究等。     

贡嘎山区全新世冰川变化与泥石流发育的关系

贡嘎山区在全新世初期（１００００－７５００ａＢＰ），气候渐暖，冰川后退，泥石流发生频次剧增；中期（７５００－４０００ａＢＰ），出现高温气候，冰川强烈后退，沉积物则以冰水河流相为主；晚期（＜４０００ａＢＰ），气候转冷，出现新冰期。嗣后，气候转暖，但有三次明显的冰进过程；４００ａＢＰ前，气候再度转冷，出现小冰期。大量的泥石流点是出现在气候转暖、冰川退缩的初始阶段。     

汶川地震后四川省都江堰市龙池镇群发泥石流灾害

在2008 -05 - 12汶川地震后的极震区暴发了多处群发性泥石流灾害,龙溪河流域的龙池“8·13”群发泥石流灾害就是其中之一.龙溪河流域在2010 -08 -13遭遇强降雨过程,流域内共有45处暴发泥石流,其中34处沟谷泥石流,11处坡面泥石流,泥石流冲出总量共334×104m3,造成大量泥沙淤积在龙溪河下游河道内,该段河床平均淤高5 m.诱发“8·13”群发泥石流的最大1h降雨量达75 mm,相当于20 a一遇的1h降雨量.“8·13”群发泥石流中88.9％的泥石流活动集中在汶川地震发震断裂带附近3 km范围内,仅有11.1％的泥石流分布在距汶川地震发震断裂带3～5 km范围.除受汶川地震发震断裂带影响外,泥石流分布还受地层岩性和地形的影响.龙池群发泥石流以粘性泥石流为主,占总数的88.9％,而稀性泥石流很少,仅占总数的11.1％.小规模泥石流占多数,达到总数的60.0％;大规模泥石流很少,仅占总数的11.1％,其他为中等规模泥石流.泥石流流域主要为小流域,＜1 km2的泥石流流域占多数,达到总数的68.9％;而＞3 km2的泥石流流域很少,仅占总数的6.7％.龙溪河河道内的泥沙淤积受泥石流活动、主河道坡度和宽度的控制,河道上半段没有泥沙淤积,而下半段有大量泥沙淤积.龙溪河河道内淤积的泥沙颗粒粒径受沿岸泥石流流域岩性的影响,粒径从龙溪河上游到下游呈明显的从大到小的变化规律.龙溪河流域在遭遇较强降雨时还会暴发泥石流灾害;在汶川地震发震断裂带附近的山区,在暴雨激发下还有可能暴发群发性泥石流灾害.在雨季到来时需要提高警惕,预防地震次生泥石流灾害,特别要提防不易被发现的小流域泥石流灾害,做好防灾预案和预警报工作,最大程度地减轻泥石流灾害.     

Global travertine deposition modulated by oscillations in climate

Travertine deposits are important records of past fluid flow in the Earth's crust, and document fluid migration through both tectonic activity and changes in climate. While many studies hint at possible relationships between travertine formation and global climate, none have investigated these connections on a global scale. Here we compile 1649 published travertine ages from six continents to test the hypothesis that global and/or regional changes in climate regulate travertine deposition. Peaks in bedded travertine ages occur with main frequencies that correspond to 100‐kyr changes in global climate, where most peaks occur during glacial terminations or interglacial periods, including a large peak that coincides with the Early Holocene climatic optimum. Time–series analysis also suggests a possible connection with 41‐kyr obliquity cycles. At regional scales, many peaks also correspond with local times of high precipitation or wet conditions. This can be attributed to higher groundwater recharge rates, providing the necessary water to form travertine. Many bedded travertine‐depositing systems may therefore be water‐limiting and sufficient CO₂ may be present even during times of no travertine deposition. Exceptions to this conclusion are banded vein travertine deposits, which typically form during times of dry climate when water tables are low. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂尔多斯盆地及邻区晚石炭世本溪期构造—沉积环境及原型盆地特征

原型盆地恢复有助于盆地构造—岩相古地理的研究和揭示盆山耦合,对油气勘探与开发具有重要的指导意义。本文利用最新的钻井、测井及露头资料,以沉积相为研究实体,运用盆—山结合的思路,由点—线—面进行分析,重建了鄂尔多斯盆地晚石炭世本溪组沉积时期的构造—沉积环境,研究了原型盆地特征及性质。本溪组沉积期,鄂尔多斯盆地沉积具有东西分异的特征：淳化—庆阳—吴起地区及北部伊盟地区为暴露剥蚀区,东部为克拉通内坳陷盆地,西部为克拉通边缘裂陷盆地。乌达—呼鲁斯台及鄂尔多斯—神木地区发育三角洲相,并向南逐渐推进;鄂西石嘴山、环县及鄂东府谷、延安地区以环带状潮坪—泻湖相为主,受间歇性海侵影响;吴忠、柳林—吉县地区发育低能的泻湖相;中卫—中宁、韩城及以东地区发育不同深度的陆棚及开阔台地。该时期盆地构造环境表现为南北向双向俯冲、贺兰拗拉槽再活化,格局经历了南隆北倾向北隆南倾的转变。受此影响,鄂尔多斯盆地构造古地理格局开始由东西分异逐渐向南北分异转变,受东西两侧海侵影响沉积相带呈环带状展布,但在盆地北部发育潮控三角洲,表现出近缘特征。晚石炭世鄂尔多斯盆地构造—沉积环境与原型盆地特征与其对周缘大地构造运动的响应。     

和田玉的鉴定与评估

新疆和田玉是世界软玉品种中最好的一种,有“玉王”之称。该文对和田玉的矿物组成、化学成分及物理性质进行了鉴定分析,提出了和田玉原料及玉器的评估方法。     

板内地震的成因及全球地震活动的分布特征——内波假说对地震活动的解释

按内波假说的观点，讨论了典型板内地震即中国大陆地震的成因机制，认为造成地壳厚度分化的内波运动依靠地壳厚度差异中蕴藏的重力位能，推动地壳物质运动形成各种类型的板内地震。研究了全球地震活动的纬度分布特点以及地震活动与潮汐作用及大陆分布的联系，指出：外动力地质作用强烈的大陆因剥蚀、搬运和沉积以及负载重分布，使大陆地区始终达不到重力均衡，成为地壳运动的活动区，因而陆壳“地震能量发射强度”曲线具有类似于潮汐剪应力纬度分布的两极衰减、南北对称的特性。文中还探讨了深震及和达—贝尼奥夫带的成因，克服了用俯冲板块解释这一现象的困难。     

Effects of Pseudoalteromonas sp. BC228 on digestive enzyme activity and immune response of juvenile sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

A marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas sp. BC228 was supplemented to feed in a feeding experiment aiming to determine its ability of enhancing the digestive enzyme activity and immune response of juvenile Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumber individuals were fed with the diets containing 0(control), 105, 107 and 109 CFU g-1 diet of BC228 for 45 days. Results showed that intestinal trypsin and lipase activities were significantly enhanced by 107 and 109 CFU g-1 diet of BC228 in comparison with control(P 0.01). The phagocytic activity in the coelomocytes of sea cucumber fed the diet supplemented with 107 CFU g-1 diet of BC228 was significantly higher than that of those fed control diet(P 0.05). In addition, 105 and 107 CFU g-1 diet of BC228 significantly enhanced lysozyme and phenoloxidase activities in the coelomic fluid of sea cucumber, respectively, in comparison with other diets(P 0.01). Sea cucumbers, 10 each diet, were challenged with Vibrio splendidus NB13 after 45 days of feeding. It was found that the cumulative incidence and mortality of sea cucumber fed with BC228 containing diets were lower than those of animals fed control diet. Our findings evidenced that BC228 supplemented in diets improved the digestive enzyme activity of juvenile sea cucumber, stimulated its immune response and enhanced its resistance to the infection of V. splendidus.     

环境植物样品中铜铅锌铁锰的测定

将环境植物样品在４００─５００℃灰化，用硝酸、氢氟酸和高氯酸分解，用盐酸（１＋１）提取，控制２％─３％的盐酸介质，用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定环境植物样品中的微量铜、铅、锌、铁、锰。该方法简单、快速、可靠。对环境植物标准样品的测定结果理想。     

APPLICATION OF CLAYS TO REMOVAL OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS Ⅰ.COAGULATION OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS WITH CLAYS

Coagulation of red tide organism cells with clays is discussed in theory and the effects of some fac-tors on it are studied.A quantitative model is presented which describes how the coagulation varies withpH in solution.According to the model,within the pH-range between pH_(zpc_a)and pH_(zpc_b),V_R is negativeand the coagulation is strong and strongest at pH=(pH_(zpc_a)+pH_(zpc_b))/2.It is also demonstrated that whenthe diameter of clay particles is close to that of cells,the collision probability is low,resulting in weakercoagulation.The model results have been corroborated by experiments and so are scientific and theoreticalbases for application.