海洋产业影响省域经济增长估计及其分异动因判识

采用静态和动态计量方法分析2006~2015年海洋经济对沿海省（市、区）经济发展的影响程度并通过空间计量方法识别差异动因。研究发现：① 海洋经济对中国省域经济发展具有显著地影响,其中天津、上海、福建、山东、广东、海南海洋经济总量贡献率高于全国平均水平;② 省域海洋产业对区域经济影响度分异呈现省际绝对差异不断扩大、相对差异不断缩小,且具有显著的空间相关性;③ 引起省域经济增长差异的海洋经济相关因素中,海洋第二产业、海洋进出口贸易额等起到正向促进作用（即拉大差异）,且海洋第二产业结构具有显著的溢出效应。相关发现有助于中国沿海省（市、区）经济的协调发展和科学决策。     

常量元素记录的毛乌素沙地东南缘全新世气候变化

毛乌素沙地处于中国季风边缘的半干旱区,对气候变化响应敏感,是研究过去全球气候变化的理想场所。对沙地东南缘锦界剖面全新统砂质黄土-古风成砂-古土壤互层沉积序列进行研究,在OSL测年基础上,通过沉积物常量元素氧化物含量及其比值分析,结合粒度、磁化率特征,探讨了毛乌素沙地东南缘7.9ka BP以来气候变化。结果表明：（1）地层常量元素氧化物以SiO₂和Al₂O₃为主,其他元素含量依次为Na₂O、K₂O、Fe₂O₃、CaO、MgO。各种元素活动性不同,K、Na活动性较强,易淋失;Si活动性较稳定,风成砂中易富集;Ca、Mg、Al、Fe活动性较弱,古土壤中富集。（2）7.9ka BP以来气候变化分为6个阶段。7.9～7.3 ka最温暖湿润时段;7.3～6.8 ka,气候转冷干;6.8～4.3 ka,整体上温暖湿润,期间存在2次由暖湿变冷干的波动,并出现过6次风沙活动,即6.6～6.3、6.1、5.9、5.7～5.5、5.3～5.0、4.7～4.4 ka;4.3～2.5ka BP,气候转冷干;2.5～1.8ka BP出现过短暂湿润期,但暖湿程度不及全新世中期;1.8ka BP以来气候渐趋干旱并接近现代气候。（3）全新世气候变化与毗邻的萨拉乌苏河流域、浑善达克沙地等记录的气候变化具有很好的一致性,这是通过东亚冬夏季风强弱消长变化对全球变化的区域响应。     

Local meteorology in a northern Himalayan valley near Mount Everest and its response to seasonal transitions

An automatic weather station(AWS) has been installed at the Qomolangma Station of the China Academy of Sciences(QOMS) since 2005, in a northern Himalayan valley near Mount Everest, with an altitude of 4,270 m a.s.l.. Nine years of meteorological records(2006–2014) from the automatic weather station(AWS) were analyzed in this study, aiming to understand the response of local weather to the seasonal transition on the northern slopes of Mount Everest, with consideration of the movement of the subtropical jet(STJ) and the onset of the Indian Summer Monsoon(ISM). We found:(1) Both the synoptic circulation and the orography have a profound influence on the local weather, especially the local circulation.(2) Southwesterly(SW) and southeasterly(SE) winds prevail alternately at QOMS in the afternoon through the year. The SW wind was driven by the STJ during the non-monsoon months, while the SE was induced by the trans-Himalayan flow through the Arun Valley, a major valley to the east of Mount Everest, under a background of weak westerly winds aloft.(3) The response of air temperature(T) and specific humidity(q) to the monsoon onset is not as marked as that of the nearsurface winds. The q increases gradually and reaches a maximum in July when the rainy period begins.(4) The alternation between the SW wind at QOMS and the afternoon SE wind in the pre-monsoon season signals the northward shift of the STJ and imminent monsoon onset. The average interval between these two events is 14 days.     

Quasi-3-yr Cycle of Rainy Season Precipitation in Tibet Related to Different Types of ENSO during 1981–2015

The rainy season precipitation in Tibet (RSPT) is a direct cause for local floods/droughts. It also indirectly affects the thermal conditions of the Tibetan Plateau, which can result in anomalous patterns of atmospheric circulation over East Asia. The interannual variability of the RSPT is often linked with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but the relevant mechanisms are far from being understood, particularly for different types of ENSO events. We investigated the interannual variation of the RSPT in association with different types of ENSO. A quasi-3-yr period of the RSPT (less–more–more precipitation) was significant at the 95% confidence level. A joint multi-taper method with singular value decomposition analysis of the coupled field between the RSPT and the sea surface temperature (SST) revealed that the developing eastern Pacific type El Niño was accompanied by a decrease in the RSPT. The shift from the central Pacific type El Niño to the eastern Pacific La Niña was accompanied by an increase in the RSPT. Weakening of the central Pacific La Niña was accompanied by an increase in the RSPT. Analysis of the mechanism of this coupling, using the same analysis method but other climatic factors, indicated that the gradually strengthening eastern Pacific El Niño can inhibit the Walker circulation, weakening the South Asian summer monsoon, and resulting in transport of less water vapor from the Bay of Bengal to Tibet. The change from the central Pacific El Niño to the eastern Pacific La Niña led to continued strengthening of the Walker circulation with westward movement of the ascending area. This enhanced the South Asian summer monsoon over the Arabian Sea and transported more water vapor to Tibet. The decreasing central Pacific La Niña accompanied by persistent cooling of SSTs in the equatorial Pacific led to a strong eastern North Pacific summer monsoon, causing an anomaly in the easterly transport of water vapor from the Sea of Japan to Tibet and increased RSPT.     

建筑物高度对地闪回击电磁场影响的模拟

基于三维时域有限差分数值算法（3D-FDTD）建立了雷击高建筑物电磁场传播模型,研究了负地闪击中不同高度建筑物时回击垂直电场、角向磁场以及水平电场沿地表的传播规律。模拟结果表明:建筑物的高度对雷电电场峰值的影响显著,如当建筑物高度从100 m增加至600 m时,在距离d=100 m位置的垂直电场峰值减小了63%,水平电场正极性峰值的增加比例为84%、负极性峰值的绝对值增加比例高达130%;观测位置不变时,角向磁场峰值和水平电场正极性峰值均会随着建筑物高度的增加而增大;对于距离d=100 m,300 m时,垂直电场的峰值随着建筑物高度的增加而减小,而d=500 m时,垂直电场峰值随着建筑物高度的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势;此外,建筑物高度会影响垂直电场峰值对距离的敏感程度,建筑物越低（高）,相应的垂直电场峰值随着观测距离增大衰减越快（慢）。该文研究结果能够为现代化城市中高建筑物附近线缆、室外设备等的雷电防护方案设计提供参考。     

CMIP5全球气候模式对1981—2005年东北地表温度的模拟分析

利用中国东北1981—2005年173个气象台站观测的月平均地表(0 cm)温度资料和参加IPCC第五次评估报告的43个全球气候模式模拟结果,对比分析了CMIP5耦合气候模式对中国东北地区地表温度的模拟性能。结果表明：大部分气候模式模拟结果都能较好的再现研究区域的地表温度时空变化,与月观测的时间相关系数均高于095,对年际变化模拟能力稍差,大部分模式模拟结果在整个研究时段均表现出冷偏差。空间分布显示,CMIP5模式能够模拟出中国东北地区地表温度南高北低的空间分布特征,但不同模式模拟结果之间差异较大,模拟能力较优模式能够较好的模拟出研究区域的冷暖中心,较优模式组和较差模式组在夏季的差距达到最大,较差模式组不能再现地表温度的分布特征。通过模式优选发现FGOALS_s2模式表现最优。总的来说,CMIP5耦合气候模式对中国东北区域地表温度的时空变化特征的模拟性能较好,对气候态年变化的模拟性能好于对年际变化的模拟。     

山东两次强对流天气雷达特征及环境场对比

利用常规地面和高空观测资料、加密自动站资料和多普勒雷达资料,对2016年6月山东两次强对流天气的雷达特征、环境条件等进行了对比分析,结果表明:6月14日强对流天气主要是横槽转竖引导冷空气南下引起,6月30日强对流天气发生在高空槽前、山东高低层受一致西南气流影响的环流形势下,地面辐合线是两次过程的触发机制。6月14日垂直风切变和风暴承载层平均风均比30日大很多,致使14日的超级单体风暴持续时间更长、强度更强。风暴相对螺旋度的大小对强对流天气强弱程度有指示意义。两次过程都在地面辐合线附近生成,都具有中气旋、高悬的强回波、有界弱回波区、回波悬垂、风暴顶辐散等雷达特征,不同的是14日具有倒V形缺口、中层径向辐合、冰雹散射和钩状回波等特征,30日具有窄带回波、径向速度大值区等特征。两次过程都出现了弱旋转对应地面都带来小冰雹天气,这在预报业务中值得注意。两次降雹与风暴单体高度及强度、垂直累积液态水含量及密度、中气旋厚度、最大切变和持续时间密切相关。     

几种雷电灾害风险评估计算方法应用对比分析

雷电灾害风险评估中,雷击风险的计算方法有人工计算、Excel表格计算和软件计算3种。选取石嘴山一油库为案例,依据风险管理标准(GB/T 21714.2 -2015),分别采用人工、Excel和软件方法,计算该油库雷电风险总量和风险分量。计算结果显示,软件计算风险总值相对人工计算值总是偏高,特别是对于易燃易爆场所,比人工计算、Excel计算值高20~30倍;人工方法、Excel方法风险总值计算结果较为一致。造成差别的原因是,人工计算主观性大,不同的评估人员在风险分量的选取及计算过程中会出现较大的差别,容易忽略部分风险分量,从而造成风险总量的减少。在风险分量的组成上,对第三类防雷建筑物,人工计算结果更符合实际;对第一、二类防雷建筑物,软件计算结果更符合实际。     

Variability and trends in daily precipitation extremes on the northern and southern slopes of the central Himalaya

This study focuses on the precipitation extremes recorded on the northern and southern slopes of the central Himalaya, especially those documented at higher altitudes. Daily precipitation data recorded over a 35-year period at nine meteorological stations in the region were studied. We used the precipitation extreme indices delineated by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The spatial and temporal variations in these precipitation extremes were calculated. When regional patterns were investigated to detect any anomalies, only 1 of the 10 precipitation extreme indices from the southern slopes of the central Himalaya showed a statistically significant trend; none from the northern slopes of the central Himalaya highlighted a statistically significant trend. On the southern slopes, all indices increased, apart from the maximum 1-day precipitation (RX1) and simple daily precipitation intensity (SDII) indices. Indices such as the consecutive dry days (CDDs) and RX1 indices exhibited similar increases on both the northern and southern slopes of the central Himalaya. These results suggest that increases in precipitation have been accompanied by an increasing frequency of extremes over the southern central Himalaya. Nonetheless, no relation could be established between the precipitation extreme indices and circulation indices for higher altitudes.

     

适用于GRAPES模式C-P边界层方案的设计和实现

基于K廓线闭合方案,通过考虑不稳定边界层和稳定边界层中热量交换系数在半层上求取及下边界条件的设置,将温湿倾向在整层上直接计算,设计了Charney-Phillips跳点（简称C-P跳点）的边界层方案,使之与GRAPES全球模式的C-P跳点相协调,解决了Lorenz跳点物理过程与C-P跳点动力框架耦合时插值造成的不协调问题,同时避免了耦合时反复插值造成的误差,提高了边界层物理过程参数化方案及其反馈的准确性和合理性。试验表明:C-P跳点边界层方案因为避免了温度和湿度在垂直方向上的插值,消除了温湿变量在垂直方向上的锯齿状抖动,使温湿廓线分布更合理,减小了模式预报误差,形势场的预报效果也得到一定改善。C-P边界层方案的应用提升了GRAPES全球模式的总体预报性能。