Aquifer Characterization Using Fiber Bragg Grating Multi-Level Monitoring System

Groundwater responses measured from multiple wells at different depths are essential for delineating the aquifer heterogeneity using hydraulic tomography (HT). In general, conducting HT requires many wells because traditional well monitoring is usually partially open at a specific depth interval or is fully penetrating. Accordingly, conducting an HT survey is typically costly and time-consuming. To tackle these issues, a new multi-level monitoring system (MLMS) for the HT survey was developed using the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technique. This FBG MLMS could collect the depth-discrete groundwater observations from a fully penetrated 2-inch well. Three field campaigns were conducted to validate the capability of the FBG MLMS for HT surveys. The results show that the accuracy and stability of this MLMS are reliable and that FBG MLMS is beneficial for conducting an HT survey. Specifically, compared to the traditional monitoring well in an injection event, this FBG MLMS can concurrently cause an increase in the number of cross-hole tests several times and collect many more head observations than the standard methods, resulting in the observed flow fields efficiently reaching ergodic conditions and effectively improving the accuracy of the estimated hydraulic heterogeneity. Therefore, the FBG MLMS could be an alternative MLMS for efficiently and economically conducting an HT survey.     

Fourier Coefficients Variation with Angle for Fracture Detection and Fluid Discrimination in Tilted Transversely Isotropic Media

Surveys in Geophysics - Fracture detection and fluid discrimination play significant roles in the field of geothermics, hydrogeology, and exploration geophysics. However, it is still a challenging...     

2021年9月16日四川泸县MS6.0地震强地面运动特征分析

2021年9月16日4时33分在四川省泸州市泸县发生M_S6.0地震,震中附近的强震动观测台网获取了1 320组三分向加速度记录,对有效记录进行常规处理后计算出地震动相关参数,并利用克里金插值方法得到峰值加速度PGA、峰值速度PGV和拟加速度反应谱的空间分布图。结果显示,极震区与中远场的长轴方向有较大差异,地震动表现出沿断裂走向衰减较慢的特性。通过与常用衰减关系预测值进行对比,分析了PGA和多个周期的拟加速度反应谱随距离的衰减特性,结果显示此次地震的PGA相比衰减关系预测值偏小,拟加速度反应谱相比各经验预测值呈现周期越大衰减变慢的特点,体现出川东南地区特有的衰减规律。最后分析了本次地震获得的最大加速度记录,进一步验证了局部地形和场地对地震动有显著影响。      

Dating of multi-period earthquake-triggered rockfalls: a method for revealing paleo-seismic events that occurred along the Yushu fault in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Landslides - The quantitative study of earthquake-triggered rockfall debris along seismogenic fault zones has proven to be a valid approach for use in identifying paleo-earthquakes and faulting...     

Deep-seated toppling deformations of rock slopes in western China

Toppling is the foremost failure pattern of anaclinal rock slopes, and deep-seated toppling deformations (DSTDs) are common on high anaclinal slopes on the sides of gorges in western China. The DSTDs can develop to depths of more than 200 m, and may show distinct signs of zonal failure. Many DSTDs undergo transformation to large landslides involving rock volumes of more than 10⁶ m³. However, the conditions for the formation and the basic evolving processes of DSTDs remain unclear. This study seeks to develop an inventory to classify the distribution, and the conditioning factors which govern the formation and deformation modes of DSTDs in western China and to analyze the effect of the geological and geomorphological variables on the toppling intensities. To this end, forty-nine DSTDs were analyzed. The results indicate that DSTDs in western China are commonly distributed along large deeply incised rivers in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The steep-dip anaclinal metamorphic soft or soft-hard-interbedded strata with near parallel strikes in the river channel, V-shaped deeply incised river channels, and convex slopes are favorable conditions for the formation of DSTDs in these settings. The dip angle, the gradient, and the height of most slopes which develop DSTDs are 60–90°, 30–50°, and 200–800 m, respectively. There is a highly positive relationship between the depth of toppling and the height of the slope. The toppled rock masses can be classed as extremely intense, intense, moderate, and weak toppling zones characterized by complete block detachment, tensile-shear fracture, tensile fracture, and reverse slip along foliations, respectively. Each zone corresponds to a specific range of the dip angle of the toppled strata, the aperture of the tensile cracks, the P-wave velocity, the state of rock weathering, and the degree of unloading. The extremely intense and the intense toppling zones tend to evolve into sliding failures. Overall, 94% of the DSTDs were derived from flexural toppling and 33% have developed into large landslides.

     

Uncertainty quantification of landslide runout motion considering soil interdependent anisotropy and fabric orientation

Landslides - Natural soils often exhibit an anisotropic fabric pattern as a result of soil deposition, weathering, or filling. This paper aims to investigate the effect of soil interdependent...     

Movement process,geomorphological changes,and influencing factors of a reactivated loess landslide on the right bank of the middle of the Yellow River,China

Landslides - According to local villagers, the main Beiguo landslide on the Heyang Loess Tableland in China occurred several decades ago (the specific time is unknown). After the initial occurrence...     

梧州市巨厚层花岗岩风化壳垂直分带标准及工程地质特征研究

本文选择华南地区巨厚层花岗岩风化壳分布区的梧州市为研究区,旨在建立系统的、科学的、可操作性强的花岗岩风化壳垂直分带划分标准。在野外区域调查、钻探、原位试验、室内试验、综合研究的基础之上,建立了定性与定量复合判定的指标体系,对梧州市花岗岩风化壳进行了垂直分带以及工程地质特征研究。研究结果表明:(1)粒度分析法可以作为花岗岩风化壳垂直分带划分的方法之一,划分结果与原位试验划分结果具有很好的一致性;(2)残积土带、全风化带、强风化带中含量占比最大的土体分别是黏粒土、粉粒土、砂粒土。随着钻孔深度的增加,粒径相对较大的砾粒和砂粒含量占比逐渐增大,粒径相对较小的粉粒和黏粒含量占比逐渐减小。粒径0.05 mm为残积土带、全风化带、强风化带曲线交叉的分界处,该处土体含量百分比近似相等,揭示粒径0.05 mm值是花岗岩风化壳垂直分带划分的重要指标之一;(3)随着钻进深度的增加,圆锥动力触探试验击数与标准贯入试验击数同时增加,修正后的标准贯入击数N和圆锥动力触探击数N_63.5呈多项式相关性。本文建立了花岗岩风化壳垂直分带划分标准,给出了花岗岩风化壳土体地基承载力建议值,对花岗岩分布区的重大工程建设与工程地质特征参数的选取具有一定的指导与参照意义。     

基于机器学习的锆石成因分类研究

锆石是在自然界中多种温压条件下能够稳定保存,并记录原岩年龄信息的副矿物。锆石微量元素能完整记录地质演化过程信息。通过微量元素分析锆石成因的研究已久,通常利用Th-U图解和La_N-(Sm/La)_N图解等二元图解对锆石进行分类研究。然而,随着锆石研究的深入,以及二元图解无法呈现数据高维度信息的局限性,传统图解已经不能满足对锆石类型进行准确判别,且对已知类型的锆石出现判定偏差。因此,本文将地质大数据与机器学习相结合,训练出高维度锆石成因分类器。文中收集了3 498条不同成因类型的锆石微量元素数据,并通过测试和运用随机森林、支持向量机、人工神经网络和k近邻等4种机器学习算法,最终得出准确率为86.8%的线性支持向量机锆石成因分类器,用于锆石类型的判定与预测。这项工作为锆石分类研究提供了更高维度的判别手段,极大提高了微量元素分析成因结果的精度。将锆石微量元素数据与机器学习方法相结合,是大数据分析与机器学习技术在地球化学研究中的积极探索。     

湖相泥页岩基质储层直井压裂选层方法研究——以松辽盆地三肇凹陷松页油3井为例

湖相泥页岩基质储层是中国页岩油赋存的主要载体,相对于夹层型和裂缝型储层更难被压裂改造和实现工业开发,因而压裂层位的选择至关重要. 本文以松辽盆地三肇凹陷松页油3井为例,建立了一套湖相泥页岩基质储层直井压裂选层方法. 通过录井、测井解释优选出青山口组一段中的I类页岩油层,对I类页岩油层的电性、物性、含油气性、烃源岩性、脆性、可压性6项指标进行综合分析,基于上述6项指标,利用层次分析法对所有I类页岩油层进行综合排序,确定了27、25和23号层为最有利页岩油层. 松页油3井针对上述页岩油层进行了压裂试油,实现了三肇凹陷页岩油工业油流突破,证实选层方法可行有效,可推广应用于湖相基质型页岩油的甜点层优选和水平井部署.