Maximum entropy spectral characteristics of seismic activity for great earthquakes in China

ＭａｘｉｍｕｍｅｎｔｒｏｐｙｓｐｅｃｔｒａｌｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｓｅｉｓｍｉｃａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｆｏｒｇｒｅａｔｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａＺＨＩＰＩＮＧＳＯＮＧ１）（宋治平）ＳＨＩＲＯＮＧＭＥＩ２）（梅世蓉）ＡＮＸＵＮＷ...     

镉质量浓度和鱼尺寸对罗非鱼积累和转移镉的影响

为研究尺寸和镉(Cd²⁺)质量浓度对罗非鱼积累和转移水环境中Cd²⁺的影响,用室内培养的方法,选取4种尺寸的罗非鱼,设置不同质量浓度Cd²⁺的暴露试验,分别测定其半致死率、Cd²⁺积累量和对Cd²⁺的转移系数以及罗非鱼的相对增长率.结果表明:不同尺寸的罗非鱼对Cd²⁺的响应不同,其中,幼龄鱼的LC₅₀浓度最低,体长为31.5±3.4 cm的罗非鱼LC₅₀最高;低质量浓度Cd²⁺(0.5 mg/kg)处理下,罗非鱼尺寸不同,相同鱼组织对Cd²⁺的吸收积累量差异显著(P< 0.05),而高质量浓度Cd²⁺处理时,不同尺寸罗非鱼的同一组织对Cd²⁺的积累量无显著性差异;除体长27.4±2.9 cm罗非鱼外,相同尺寸的罗非鱼Cd²⁺转移系数都是低质量浓度显著大于高质量浓度(P< 0.05);高质量浓度Cd²⁺处理对各种尺寸罗非鱼质量增加的抑制率显著高于低质量浓度Cd²⁺处理的抑制率.此外,不同Cd²⁺质量浓度对相同尺寸的罗非鱼也产生不同的影响.因此,罗非鱼的尺寸和Cd²⁺质量浓度都对罗非鱼积累和转移Cd²⁺产生影响.     

地震孕育过程中形变趋势变化形态的理论分析

利用流变介质包体模型理论中体应变解析解计算分析了孕震过程中不同观测点的形态异常特征，结果表明，硬包体产生的体应变具有明显的3阶段过程，软包体却只有2个阶段的特点，但它们的形态特征不仅都具有象限性与地区性，而且还随震中距的不同而不同。岩石实验结果也表明，观测点距破裂面的距离不同，其形态特征也不同。在理论分析与岩石实验结果一致的基础上，分析了张北地震与景泰地震前形变异常的形态特征，即具有明显的地区性与象限性；并且形态特征随震中距的变化而不同；变化幅度也随震中距的增大而减小。基于对形变异常形态特征的理解，提出了利用形态特征预测、判断发震地点及孕震状态的思路。     

The end of an affair? Geography and fertility in late post‐transitional societies

A common theme in the writings of population geographers with a fertility interest has been a concern with the convergence of interregional fertility differentials. It is now clear, however, that the widespread achievement in western societies of below‐replacement fertility has resulted in a dramatic diminution of most forms of differential fertility, whether sectoral or spatial. The question of ‘what remains for the spatial analyst working in the traditional ecological mode?’ must therefore be posed. An analysis of small‐area fertility differentials in NSW in 1986 suggests (a) that most of the variability in local marital and total fertility is not statistically significant, and (b) that even if this problem is ignored, traditional ecological analysis has only trivial ‘explanatory’ power. While complete spatial uniformity is unlikely ever to be achieved, it is argued that the intrasocietal convergence of reproductive norms and behaviour has proceeded so far that conventional geographic approaches to the analysis of fertility are unlikely any longer to be — if they ever were — fruitful.     

Extending the generality of ecological models to artificial floating habitats

Marine assemblages on natural hard substrata are generally different from those on artificial habitats. There is, however, the potential for certain ecological processes to operate on both types of structures. On the sides of floating pontoons in Sydney Harbour, there were strong patterns of vertical distribution of sessile epibiotic organisms and molluscan grazers across relatively small spatial scales (in three defined zones, namely splash, shallow and deep). Patterns of vertical distribution of the tubeworms Hydroides spp. were reversed depending on the cover of mussels. A manipulative experiment was done to test if patterns of vertical distribution of Hydroides spp. were due to (1) the functioning of mussels or (2) the structure provided by mussels. Neither the functioning nor structure of mussels accounted for the patterns of distribution of Hydroides spp. Mussels increased recruitment of Hydroides spp., in the shallow and deep zones, and this was not due to increased surface area of the mussel shells. Manipulation of numbers of grazers and covers of sessile epibiota showed that the observed negative relationship between grazers and epibiota was due to grazers reducing recruitment of epibiota and epibiota decreasing survival of grazers. Most importantly, processes that accounted for patterns of distribution of mobile and sessile organisms on artificial floating structures were similar to those repeatedly shown to create such patterns on natural rocky shores.     

Persistence of oiling in mussel beds after the Exxon Valdez oil spill

Persistence and weathering of Exxon Valdez oil in intertidal mussel (Mytilus trossulus) beds in Prince William Sound (PWS) and along the Gulf of Alaska was monitored from 1992 to 1995. Beds with significant contamination included most previously oiled areas in PWS, particularly within the Knight Island group and the Kenai Peninsula. In sediments, yearly mean concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons ranged from < 60 micrograms/g in reference beds to 62,258 micrograms/g wet wt., or approximately 0 to 523 micrograms/g dry wt. total polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAHs). In mussels, mean TPAH concentrations ranged up to 8.1 micrograms/g dry wt. Hydrocarbon concentrations declined significantly with time in some, but not all mussels and sediments, and should reach background levels within three decades of the spill in most beds. In 1995, mean hydrocarbon concentration was greater than twice background concentration in sediments from 27 of 34 sites, and in mussels from 18 of 31 sites.     

Exposure to 2,4-decadienal negatively impacts upon marine invertebrate larval fitness

Diatoms liberate volatile, biologically active unsaturated aldehydes following cell damage, which negatively impact upon invertebrate reproductive processes such as fertilization, embryogenesis and larval survival. 2,4-Decadienal is frequently identified among the aldehydes produced and is one of the more biologically active. The majority of studies which have examined the toxic effects of diatom aldehydes to invertebrate reproduction have scored egg production and/or hatching success as indicators of biological impacts. There are very few studies which have dealt specifically with the impacts of diatom-derived aldehydes on larval fitness. Larval stages of the polychaetes Arenicola marina and Nereis virens and the echinoderms Asterias rubens and Psammechinus miliaris exposed to 2,4-decadienal at sub 1 microg ml(-1) concentrations suffered reduced survival over the incubation period (day 1-8 post fertilization) with detectable differences for the polychates at a concentration of 0.005 and 0.01-0.1 microg ml(-1) for the echinoderms. Susceptibility of larval N. virens was investigated using stage specific 24 h exposures at 2,4-decadienal concentrations up to 1.5 microg ml(-1). A clear stage specific effect was found, with earlier larval stages most vulnerable. Nectochaete larvae (9-10 d) showed no reduction in survival at the concentrations assayed. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry, was used to analyse fitness of larval P. miliaris exposed to 2,4-decadienal at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 microg ml(-1). The degree and frequency of asymmetrical development increased with increasing 2,4-decadienal concentration. Equally, as FA increased larval survival decreased. These results provide further support for the teratogenic nature of 2,4-decadienal and its negative impact on invertebrate larval fitness.     

日本地震活动周期性研究

本文应用Morlet小波变换定量分析了日本不同区域地震活动的周期特征。 结果表明, 日本各区域存在着稳定的地震活动周期, 其中北部地区的显著周期为20年和50年左右; 中部地区为100年左右; 南部地区20年和50年左右。 1840年以来8级以上地震的时空分布特征显示, 日本南部地区仍存在可能发生特大地震的危险。     

汶川M_S8.0地震前地表潜热通量异常

本文处理了汶川MS8.0大地震前后部分地表潜热通量(SLHF)数据,发现SLHF异常信息出现在地震前7天。SLHF异常时间上经历弱—强—弱变化过程,地震发生在强异常时段,异常两个高值点出现在活动断层较为发育的应力低值区,地震发生后,异常信息很快衰减。SLHF异常随时间有沿发震断裂带走向运移的规律。震前7天的综合SLHF异常主要分布在龙门山断裂带及周围地区,震中位于异常区的中心位置。     

利用小震重新定位结果研究河北文安地震前地震活动三维空间特征

利用首都圈地区小震重新定位结果, 研究了2006年7月4日河北文安5.1级地震前地震活动特征, 结果表明: ① 文安地震前5年, 河北平原带中段M_L≥3.0地震活动出现明显的增强(持续43个月)—平静(持续17个月)特点, 蠕变曲线表现为加速—转平; ② 震前4年, 在15～20 km深处存在一个纬向长约70 km、 经向长约90 km的三维空区, 文安地震的起始破裂点位于该三维空区的下部边缘; ③ 2003年4月～2004年10月, 平原带中段M_L≥2.0地震震源深度从10 km的浅处逐渐增加到30 km左右的深处, 在此过程中, 中下地壳(20～30 km深度范围内)地震活动显著增强。