中国新生代上地幔铅同位素地球化学场对成岩、成矿物质来源的制约——以斑岩铜矿床及铜镍硫化物矿床为例

区域成矿带铅稳定同位素地球化学研究是区域地球化学分区、示踪成岩成矿物质来源、阐明矿床成因的有效途径。本文以中国特有的大地构造背景为基础,以新生代上地幔铅同位素组成的地球化学场为依据,示踪了中国大型、超大型斑岩型铜矿床及铜镍硫化物型矿床的成岩成矿物质来源。结果显示:①斑岩型铜矿床及铜镍硫化物型矿床成矿母岩继承了所属陆块的上地幔铅同位素组成特征;②两类矿床的含矿岩体和矿石矿物铅同位素组成十分一致,示踪两者同源;壳熔花岗岩和围岩地层的铅同位素组成与矿石铅同位素组成迥异;③位于各陆块的斑岩型铜矿床及铜镍硫化物型矿床的成矿母岩和矿石铅同位素组成除继承了各陆块上地幔不同的铅同位素组成特征外,还示踪了壳幔层圈间耦合性的"块体效应",同时,上地幔铅同位素组成可能还具"延迟效应"。     

EFFECTS OF THREE KINDS OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES ON TYPHOON INTENSITY*

This paper designs three quasi-geostrophic barotropic models with a radial/horizontal grid length being 2 kin,one in the polar coordinates,one on a stationary typhoon circulation condition and another on a non-stationary typhoon circulation condition in the Cartesian coordinates,to investigate the effects of azimuthal and radial linear advections,and nonlinear advection on the inward propagation of mesoscale vorticity and the changes of typhoon intensity.Results show that the azimuthal linear advection may result in the formation of spiral vorticity bands;the radial linear advection in a certain parameter set is able to transfer vorticity inwards,leading to a slight enhancement of typhoon;the nonlinear advection of perturbation vorticity on a stationary typhoon circulation condition may transfer more vorticities inwards,thus resulting in a distinct enhancement of typhoon;and the nonlinear advection on a non-stationary typhoon circulation condition possesses duality,i.e.on the one hand,the advection increases the vorticity of inward propagation,thus favorable to the intensification of typhoon,and on the other hand,in the inward propagation process of vorticity the originally concentric and axisymmetric structure of typhoon basic flow is damaged,and a complex flow pattern forms,which in turn tends to weaken the circulation of typhoon.At last the paper discusses the possible applications of those results in typhoon intensity prediction.     

基于多时相环境卫星数据的南瓮河流域湿地信息提取方法研究

选取位于大兴安岭林区的南瓮河流域作为研究区,以多时相、中等分辨率的环境卫星影像为数据源,采用面向对象方法,通过多尺度分割、特征提取、决策树建立等步骤,实现湿地信息的快速提取;系统分析了面向对象方法在森林地区湿地信息提取中的有效性.研究表明,在面向对象湿地信息提取过程中,采用不同等级的分割尺度,使分类更具层次性;利用光谱、空间、形状等多种属性特征,通过多时相遥感数据的融合,可以更好地识别复杂多样、界限模糊的湿地景观,其中,草本沼泽的生产者精度达到了91％.结果显示,南瓮河流域内,湿地类型多样,以草本沼泽和灌丛沼泽为主,且其主要分布于河流两侧和中下游宽阔的河谷地带.     

深部开采底板隔水关键层受局部高承压水作用破坏理论分析

大量实测地质资料与防治水实践证实,深部煤层开采底板含水层存在大量的局部高承压水区域,在强开采扰动下极易诱发底板突水灾害。基于“下三带”、“关键层”理论,将局部高承压水与底板隔水关键层简化为圆筒力学模型,分析研究隔水关键层在局部高承压水作用下的屈服破坏机制,得到了隔水关键层发生屈服的4个临界水压值公式;对各临界水压值进行区间划分,分析不同区间隔水关键层的屈服状态,确定了局部高承压水致使隔水关键层屈服破坏两个阶段的水压判据平衡方程,得出了奥陶系顶部岩层作为隔水关键层剩余隔水能力的计算表达式,并反演得到了开采深度上限、下限公式。结合九龙矿深部开采实际,对所建力学模型进行了验证与应用,进而提出了防止局部高承压水致灾的相关措施,对实现深部煤层安全带压开采具有重要的理论指导意义。     

基于形态学分析铅锌矿不同功能区土壤重金属元素的分布特征及污染评价

为掌握尤溪铅锌矿区土壤重金属元素分布特征和污染现状,通过采集尤溪铅锌矿不同功能区0~20cm表层土壤样品,测定土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Cr 5种重金属元素的总量及其化学形态,分析不同功能区土壤重金属污染及分布特征,同时采用次生相与原生相比值法(RSP)进行污染评价。结果表明,尤溪铅锌矿不同功能区土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd含量均超过国家土壤环境质量三级标准,废弃冶炼区土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量均最高,分别为标准值的14.78、1.13、3.73、1.34倍,采矿区Cr含量最高,但未超过标准限值。重金属形态结果表明,相比其他元素,Cd弱酸提取态所占比例最高,Cu可交换态比例最高,Pb、Zn、Cr以残渣态为主。RSP法评价表明,不同重金属的污染程度表现为:Cu(1.15)Cd(0.80)Pb(0.59)Zn(0.57)Cr(0.54);不同功能区土壤重金属污染表现为:尾矿库区冶炼区废弃冶炼区采矿区。SPEF法评价表明,尤溪铅锌矿区受人为污染明显,采矿区和尾矿库区Zn污染最为严重,冶炼区和废弃冶炼区Pb污染最为严重,功能区污染顺序为:尾矿库区冶炼区废弃冶炼区采矿区。     

2015年尼泊尔MS8.1大地震孕育的深层过程与发生的动力学响应

2015年4月25日发生在尼泊尔博克拉M_S8.1大地震的深层动力过程与“地中海-喜马拉雅-南亚地震带”的中段喜马拉雅地震活动带密切相关.这次大地震是该地震强烈活动带上长期以来深部物质与能量强烈交换、运动,并导致构造活动和应力积累的产物.综合分析与研究提出：（1）博克拉M_S8.1大地震的孕育、发生和发展具有长期活动和近年来相邻地带地震活动频繁的背景;这一地带自1505年-2015年,即500多年来相继发生多次M_S≥8.0的大地震.（2）这一地带具有特异的地球物理边界场响应和深层动力过程,显示深部物质的重新分异、调整与能量交换.（3）大地震发生与周边地带应力场分布特异,壳、幔结构与介质属性变异及破裂响应与断层面解的属性相关.（4）喜马拉雅地带的三条北倾断裂带以不同角度向深部延伸、震源位置及浅表层的变形特征尚应深化理解.（5）M_S8.1大地震的发生对相邻地带的波场影响强烈,故应强化高精度地球物理场的观测和探测,以“捕捉”未来可能大地震的孕育与发生.     

新疆伊宁县塔吾尔别克金矿床流体包裹体特征研究及矿床成因

塔吾尔别克金矿床是西天山吐拉苏断陷盆地中一个重要的金矿床。矿体主要赋存于早石炭世二长斑岩及大哈拉军组第五岩性段安山岩、蚀变凝灰岩中,受断裂构造控制,矿床围岩蚀变作用普遍而强烈。矿石金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、自然金、赤铁矿和黄铜矿等,非金属矿物主要为石英、斜长石、方解石等。成矿过程大致划分为3个成矿阶段:1石英-黄铁矿阶段;2石英-硫化物脉阶段;3石英-碳酸盐阶段。石英及方解石中流体包裹体类型简单,主要为气液两相水包裹体和纯液相水包裹体。包裹体测试均一温度为100~196℃,流体盐度为0.0%~7.3%(质量分数,NaCl_(eq)),流体密度为0.9~1.0 g/cm~3,计算出成矿压力为5.2~81.9 MPa,对应成矿深度为0.5~7.4 km。塔吾尔别克金矿床成矿流体包裹体显示低温度、低盐度和较低密度的流体特征,表明成矿压力小和深度较浅。结合矿床地质特征、流体包裹体特征及前人研究成果,初步认为该矿床为浅成低温热液型金矿床。     

Evaluation of the four potential Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundaries in the Nanxiong Basin based on evidences from volcanic activity and paleoclimatic evolution

Determining the location of the Cretaceous-Paleogene(K-Pg) boundary in terrestrial strata is highly significant for studying the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems at the end of the Cretaceous(especially the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs). At present, research on terrestrial K-Pg boundaries worldwide is concentrated in the middle and high latitudes, such as North America and Northeast China. Although many studies have also been carried out in the Nanxiong Basin, located at low latitudes(which has become the standard for dividing and comparing the continental K-Pg stratigraphy in China), many researchers have proposed four possible boundaries from different perspectives. Therefore, the exact location remains to be determined. In this study, the total mercury(Hg) content, environmental magnetism, geochemistry, and other parameters for the samples collected near the four boundaries were determined and compared with existing records. Results indicated that: 1) The total Hg content significantly increased in the upper part of the Zhenshui Formation and Pingling part of the Shanghu Formation with sharp fluctuations. As per latest dating results of Deccan Traps, the significantly high Hg value was attributed to the Deccan Traps eruption. Boundary 1 was located in the middle of the Hg anomaly interval, which was consistent with the relationship between the global K-Pg boundary and time of volcanic eruption. 2) The reconstructed paleoclimate evolution curve revealed that the red sediments in the basin recorded the late Maastrichtian warming event(66.2 Ma). Regarding the relationship between the four boundaries and this warming event, only boundary 1 was found to be closest to the real K-Pg boundary of the Nanxiong Basin.     

西北沙巴盆地油气地质特征及油气成藏控制因素

以油气地质理论为指导,在构造、沉积地层特征研究的基础上,重点分析了西北沙巴盆地不同构造区烃源岩、储集层、圈闭等油气地质特征,并分析了构造对盆地油气成藏的控制作用。认为该盆地的主要烃源岩是Stage Ⅳ泥/页岩;有利储集层为由Stage ⅣC、Stage ⅣD砂岩组成的上砂岩单元、Stage ⅣA砂岩组成的下砂岩单元以及Stage ⅣC、Stage ⅣD滑塌形成的深水浊积扇;总结出下、上及深水3套储盖组合。盆地各烃源岩、储集层受构造—地貌控制分布于不同的构造区;受不同时期变形作用的影响,盆地各构造区内发育不同类型的圈闭,进而控制了盆地油气藏的形成和分布。     

运用因子分析评价山东黑泥湾沉积物重金属污染来源

在对山东黑泥湾沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr和有机质进行分析测试的基础上,运用因子分析评价沉积物中重金属污染来源,结果表明,山东黑泥湾沉积物中存在Pb、Zn和Cd污染;主成分分析中前3个主成分的贡献率分别为44.656%、19.068%和18.098%;认为山东黑泥湾重金属污染主要有3个来源:有机质降解、海上船舶排污和环境背景。