“地震可预测性合作研究”计划:现有成就和发展重点

\"地震可预测性合作研究\"(CSEP)计划是一个对地震预测模型和预测算法开展前瞻性评估的全球信息化基础设施平台。CSEP的目标旨在提高我们对地震可预测性的理解、推进预测模型的研发、检验关键科学假设及其预测能力,以及改进地震危险性评估水平。自2007年在美国加利福尼亚州成立以来,全球CSEP合作一直在不同的构造环境及全球范围内进行预测实验,目前在四大洲运行4个检验中心,根据预期数据自动、客观地评估模型。这些实验为可操作的地震预测系统和地震危险性模型提供了大量的结果,并为地震的可预测性提供了新的、有时是令人惊讶的见解,还拒绝了对模型的改进。CSEP还开展了评估地震动和危险性模型的初步研究。本文报告了CSEP十年来取得的部分成就,并提出了未来地震活动性优先考虑的事项。     

菲律宾Zambales蛇绿岩套的再研究：对其特提斯来源的启示

A number of geological studies have already been conducted on the Zambales Ophiolite Complex (ZOC), a north-south trending complete ophiolite sequence exposed in the western portion of Central Luzon, Philippines. Previous works recognized the ZOC as being made up of two blocks, the Acoje and the Coto, acting as an arc-back arc pair sometime during the Eocene.     

A Petrogenetic Model of Basalts from the Northern Central Indian Ridge:3-11°S

1 Introduction The Northern Central Indian Ridge (NCIR) between 3° and 11°S latitudes is joined to the north with the slow spreading Carlsberg Ridge (CR; ~24–26 mm/a, full spreading rate) and to the south with the intermediate spreading Southern Central Indian Ridge (SCIR; ~50 mm/ a) (Fig. 1). Earlier petrological investigations of the Central Indian Ridge were concentrated either on or along the CR to the north and at the southern end of the CIR up to the Rodriguez Triple Junc…     

The dilemma of the Jiaodong gold deposits: Are they unique?

The ca. 126e120 Ma Au deposits of the Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern China, define the country＇s largest gold province with an overall endowment estimated as＆gt;3000 t Au. The vein and disseminated ores are hosted by NE-to NNE-trending brittle normal faults that parallel the margins of ca. 165e150 Ma, deeply emplaced, lower crustal melt granites. The deposits are sited along the faults for many tens of kilometers and the larger orebodies are associated with dilatational jogs. Country rocks to the granites are Pre-cambrian high-grade metamorphic rocks located on both sides of a Triassic suture between the North and South China blocks. During early Mesozoic convergent deformation, the ore-hosting structures developed as ductile thrust faults that were subsequently reactivated during Early Cretaceous ＂Yan-shanian＂intracontinental extensional deformation and associated gold formation. 〈br〉 Classification of the gold deposits remains problematic. Many features resemble those typical of orogenic Au including the linear structural distribution of the deposits, mineralization style, ore and alteration assemblages, and ore fluid chemistry. However, Phanerozoic orogenic Au deposits are formed by prograde metamorphism of accreted oceanic rocks in Cordilleran-style orogens. The Jiaodong de-posits, in contrast, formed within two Precambrian blocks approximately 2 billion years after devolati-lization of the country rocks, and thus require a model that involves alternative fluid and metal sources for the ores. A widespread suite of ca. 130e123 Ma granodiorites overlaps temporally with the ores, but shows a poor spatial association with the deposits. Furthermore, the deposit distribution and mineral-ization style is atypical of ores formed from nearby magmas. The ore concentration requires fluid focusing during some type of sub-crustal thermal event, which could be broadly related to a combination of coeval lithospheric thinning, asthenospheric upwelling, paleo-Pacific plate subduction, and seismicity along the continental-scale Tan-Lu fault. Possible ore genesis scenarios include those where ore fluids were produced directly by the metamorphism of oceanic lithosphere and overlying sediment on the subducting paleo-Pacific slab, or by devolatilization of an enriched mantle wedge above the slab. Both the sulfur and gold could be sourced from either the oceanic sediments or the serpentinized mantle. A better understanding of the architecture of the paleo-Pacific slab during Early Cretaceous below the eastern margin of China is essential to determination of the validity of possible models.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000332

A huge triangle-shaped tectonic region in eastern Asia plays host to numerous major earthquakes. The three boundaries of this region, which contains plateaus, mountains, and intermountain basins, are roughly the Himalayan arc, the Tianshan-Baikal, and longitude line 105°E. Within this triangular region, tectonism is intense and major deformation occurs both between crustal blocks and within most of them. Outside of this region, rigid blocks move as a whole with relatively few major earthquakes and relatively weak Cenozoic deformation. On a large tectonic scale, the presence of this broad region of intraplate deformation results from dynamic interactions between the Indian, Philippine Sea-West Pacific, and Eurasian plates, as well as the influence of deep-level mantle flow. The Indian subcontinent, which continues to move northwards at 40 mm/a since its collision with Eurasia, has plunged beneath Tibet, resulting in various movements and deformations along the Himalayan arc that diffuse over a long distance into the hinterland of Asia. The northward crustal escape of Asia from the Himalayan collisional zone turns eastwards and southeastwards along 95°–100°E longitude and defines the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. At the western Himalayan syntaxis, the Pamirs continue to move into central Asia, leading to crustal deformation and earthquakes that are largely accommodated by old EW or NW trending faults in the bordering areas between China, Mongolia, and Russia, and are restricted by the stable landmass northwest of the Tianshan-Altai-Baikal region. The subduction of the Philippine and Pacific plates under the Eurasian continent has generated a very long and narrow seismic zone along trenches and island arcs in the marginal seas while imposing only slight horizontal compression on the Asian continent that does not impede the eastward motion of eastern Asia. In the third dimension, there may be southeastward deep mantle flow beneath most of Eurasia that reaches the marginal seas and may contribute to extension along the eastern margin of Eurasia.     

金刚石钻进是提高钻探工作效率的最重要途径

苏联国家地质委员会各机关的勘探和普查固体矿产时,钻探费用约占地质勘探总投资的20%。     

岩石破碎统一过程的假说

破碎过程的主要内容大家都知道,岩石是一种易碎物质,图1中的图表便可说明它的性质。我们往岩石上加负荷时,使岩石具有压缩弹性位能。此弹性位能在岩石破碎时变为生成新表面的动能。这种现象是岩石机械破碎过程最常见的一般规律。     

向钻孔中定位下降钻具的新方法

向钻孔中定位下降钻具的现行的方法还是相当复杂的,并且要占去很多时间。所建议的向钻孔中定位下降工具的方法是简单的,有一些预先的准备工作与下降普通钻具时没有什么区别。按这种方法下降钻具是借助于以普通提引器为基础设计的特殊仪器来进行（图1）。     

冲击回转钻探用БУК-75型新式钻机

目前在不稳固的松散岩层中打浅钻孔（50—80公尺）多半利用手动钻探设备。这首先说明还没有适宜的钻机来代替繁重的和高价的手动钻探。在1955年水利工程设计院（作者И.А.特鲁索夫和А.М.科帕契夫）曾设计了БУК-75型钻机,而后又小批地制造了,它的技术规格如下。