Effect of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene on SODs, CYP1A1/1A2- and CYP2E1 immunopositive proteins in the blood clam Scapharca inaequivalvis

The effects of water-borne exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (36 h; celite-bound 0.44 mg L(-1) B[a]P) on cytochrome P450 (CYP) and superoxide dismutases (SODs) were examined in digestive gland of the blood clam, Scapharca inaequivalvis. B[a]P accumulation and elimination were rapid, with maximum whole-body concentrations of 1.78 ng g(-1) wet wt after 12 h of treatment, followed by a progressive decline to 0.89 ng g(-1) at 36 h. The presence of B[a]P resulted in an increase in total CYP of digestive gland microsomes from 54+/-14 to 108+/-21 pmol/mg protein (mean+/-SD; p<0.05, 24 h). Increases were also seen in microsomal CYP1A1/1A2-immunopositive protein (50.5 kDa app. mol. wt; p<0.05), but not CYP2E1-immunopositive protein (49 kDa app. mol. wt.), indicating a specific response of the former isoform. Exposure to B[a]P produced a steady increase in Mn-SOD digestive gland activity (p<0.01; p<0.05) but no significant change in Cu/Zn-SOD activity. The respective proteins, measured by western blotting, were not significant induced after B[a]P exposure. Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities were correlated with total CYP levels (r=0.96 and 0.63, respectively), indicating a role for CYP in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during exposure. Both 'NADPH-independent' and NADPH-dependent metabolism of B[a]P by digestive gland microsomes was seen, producing mainly 1,6-, 3,6- and 6,12-diones, with some phenols and 7,8-dihydrodiol; putative protein adducts were also formed. Redox cycling of the diones may also have contributed to ROS production, leading to the increased SOD activities.     

Evaluation of the applicability of a fuzzy index of ecosystem integrity (FINE) to characterize the status of Tyrrhenian lagoons

The new index FINE, a multimetric, fuzzy-based index for the evaluation of environmental quality for Mediterranean transitional waters, was calculated using biotic data gathered between 2000 and 2006 at 15 stations in 4 Tyrrhenian transitional water ecosystems (Orbetello Lagoon, Padrongiano Delta, Stagno di S. Teodoro, and Stagno di Tortolì), i.e. in a different biogeographic sub-province respect to the one in which the index was developed and validated. The rationale of FINE is that certain attributes, selected on the basis of established principles of benthic ecology, are fundamental for lagoon ecosystem function. A set of other indices (Simpson's 1-lambda', the W-statistics, AMBI, and BOPA) was also calculated and compared to FINE outputs. FINE, 1-lambda', and the W-statistics were significantly correlated with sedimentary organic matter content. Some stations were unequivocally assigned to the same ecological status, independently from the index used; for others, some discrepancies were evident. Mediterranean transitional waters probably share ecosystem complexities which are not yet fully captured by indices developed and validated elsewhere.     

“Red Beds”of Hunan

INTRODUCTION The term"Red Beds"has never been used in a restricted sense,because it could include formations of different ages and sometimes theyare not distinctly red in color.The"Red Beds"of Hunan were first     

岩石破碎统一过程的假说

破碎过程的主要内容大家都知道,岩石是一种易碎物质,图1中的图表便可说明它的性质。我们往岩石上加负荷时,使岩石具有压缩弹性位能。此弹性位能在岩石破碎时变为生成新表面的动能。这种现象是岩石机械破碎过程最常见的一般规律。     

印度南部卡纳塔克霍莱纳拉西普尔绿岩带玄武斜长岩中稀土元素的分布

在卡纳塔克约为35亿年的霍莱纳拉西普尔绿岩带的变质橄榄科马提岩、蛇纹岩和角闪岩中,发现了呈岩席和透镜体产出的极细粒的变质斜长岩—斜长岩质变质玄武岩。岩石的稀土元素图谱表现出其轻稀土元素较重稀土元素稍有富集,与球粒陨石相比,La的变化在12—7倍之间,而重稀上元素在3—4倍之间变化。(Ce/Yd)N平均比值是2.1。岩石的Eu含量是可变的。Eu/Eu~*比值范围是1.2—9.0,相对于标准角闪石呈现强的负相关。在这些方面,这些上地壳的斜长岩质岩石与格陵兰西部和挪威西北部地区的那些主要化学元素近似的高级变质区斜长岩相比较,有很大的不同,但与月球高地玄武岩相比却表现山有明显的一致性。这种一致性是通过其结构关系和其它诸如地球化学的相似性等方面来证实的.斜长玄武岩相对不分异的性质表明它可以代表斜长玄武岩熔体,并在熔体中出现了少量斜长石的堆积。根据稀土元素资料,这种熔体的成因有两种可能性:(a)由于含水的地幔橄榄岩的部分熔化程度很小所致;(b)由于有大量的橄榄石和斜方辉石从橄榄科马提岩岩浆中分异出来的结果。     

CONCENTRATION AND FLUX OF CO2, TURBULENCE FLUXES AND RADIATION BALANCE IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYER OVER WHEAT FIELD

The gradient of CO₂ concentration, photosynthetically active radiation(PAR). net radiation.soil heat flux, profiles of wind speed, and air temperature and humidity were measured above a wheat field during May and June 1985 at Beijing Agro-Ecosystems Experimental Station. Beijing,China. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, sensible heat, latent heat and momentum were calculated by using the aerodynamic method. The observation site. equipment, calibration techniques, the errors associated with the measurement, and the computational procedures are described. The results show that the diurnal variations of amplitude of CO₂ concentrations were 103.8 to 27. 0.86. 3 to 22.8 and 69.8 to 11.6 ppm:the average CO₂ concentrations were 331.5. 339.9 and 364.6 ppm for the photosynthesis type, and 369.6. 364.0 and 375.2 ppm for the respiration type at 1. 2 and 10 m above surface, respectively, from May 14 to June 15. In the daytime, transfer direction of the CO₂ fluxes and gradients is from air to crop canopy, and at noon(1100 to 1300 BT(Beijing Time)) the transfer rate reaches negative maximum value. At night, transfer of CO₂ fluxes and gradients is in the reversed direction and reaches positive maximum in the early morning(0400 to 0600 BT). There are strong negative correlations between CO₂ flux and the net radiation(R_n),available energy(H+LE). photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) and momentum flux(τ).     

WISE USE OF WETLAND FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD THROUGH PARTICIPATORY APPROACH： A CASE OF ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE

1INTRODUCTION Hydroponics(aGreekword,hydromeanswater andponos,labour),asoil-lessagriculture,isa termtobedescribedinseveralwaysinwhichplants cangrowwithoutsoil,byuseofaninertmedium whereplantcantakeupessentialnutrients,either fromwaterinwhichanutrientsolutionisaddedor fromorganicmaterialsthatexistsinthemedium.Thesemediacanbegravel,sand,peat,vermiculate,prelite,sawdustorotherplantmatters(organiccom ponents).Therefore,theprocessinwhichaquatic weedsaredumpedonwatertoconstructfloatingbed orart…     

锋、急流和对流层顶的结构及动力学

1.高层锋和急流二十世纪初期风筝等携带气象计的温度探测,首次使气象研究工作者观测到锋的垂直结构.Bjerknes和Palmén(1937)运用这些新观测论述了锋的"过渡带"结构,修正了早期的零阶不连续锋的概念.随着高空天气观测网空间分辨率的提高,研究人员优化了他们的关于锋、急流和对流层顶的概念模式.     

一种用于短期天气预报的高分辨率气团变性模式

本文描述了一个高分辨率气团变性(AMT)模式。该模式试图对低层大气的温度、湿度廓线,边界层结构、边界层高度、云量进行预报。它由一个一维多层边界层模式组成,多层模式沿着轨迹从气团源区平移至接收点,轨迹是在一较大尺度(有限区域)模式中计算出。温度和湿度的初始廓线从探空仪资料获得。本文描述了此模式的物理和动力学背景。用此模式作了北海上空层积云发展的个例研究,并且我们模拟了陆上晴空的表达。把此模式的输出结果 ECMWF 模式和目前业务中用的单层气团变性模式的输出结果进行了比较。还讨论了模式对初始、边界条件的敏感性。除个例研究外,在77次常规预报中采用此模式作为业务预报工具,其结果由彼此独立的预报员作了评价,因模式执行情况良好,且不须大型计算设备,因此,对短期天气预报员该模式是一个有用的预报工具。     

HadISDH.extremes Part Ⅰ:A Gridded Wet Bulb Temperature Extremes Index Product for Climate Monitoring

HadISDH.extremes is an annually updated global gridded monthly monitoring product of wet and dry bulb temperature–based extremes indices, from January 1973 to December 2022. Data quality, including spatial and temporal stability, is a key focus. The hourly data are quality controlled. Homogeneity is assessed on monthly means and used to score each gridbox according to its homogeneity rather than to apply adjustments. This enables user-specific screening for temporal stability and avoids errors f...