Zonal and meridional circulations in the equatorialzone as deduced from the divergence field of the surface wind

The zonal and meridional circulations and their variability are examined on the basis of the surface wind data for 1950-1979. The climatological mean zonal wind and its divergence are examined in reference to the Walker Circulation. The role played by the meridional circulation in contributing to convergence of the surface wind field within the equatorial zone is emphasized. Regression coefficients are used to infer seasonal mean anomalies of divergence of the surface wind in years when the sea level pressure is 1 hPa above normal at Darwin, a condition representative of El Nino events. It is shown that anomalies in the divergence associated with the meridional wind component are primarily responsible for the heavy precipitation in the Central Pacific, while the anomalous divergence associated with the zonal wind component may cause the drought in the Western Pacific near Indonesia. A similar pattern of divergence anomalies is evident during three consecutive seasons beginning in northern summer and ending in northern winter. The reinforcement of the Hadley Circulation during El Nino episodes is noted. It is shown that the circulations over the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean are relatively uncorrelated. The interrelation between the dipole anticyclones and the meridional cir-culation over the central Pacific is discussed.     

垂直地震剖面理论地震图

利用一种经过改进的反射系数法,可以计算出有偏移距的、包括多次反射波和转换波的垂直地震剖面(VSP)理论地震图。这种方法首先是计算震源频谱与合成反射函数的乘积,得到转换位移位,然后,波数积分,继之在信号的频率范围内进行傅里叶逆变换,给出合成记录道。对于一个有埋深的检波器,合成反射函数是由Kennett矩阵(Kennett,1974,1979)导出的,这种矩阵可以形成一组地层组的相位上相关的诸反射系数和透射系数。对于VSP的各种几何排列,无论是常规使用的移动震源固定检波器还是固定震源移动检波器(多偏移距)都能够很容易地进行处理。这种方法也能够很容易地应用于偏斜井的VSP中。此方法是非常一般的,不需要对射线作特殊规定。由于能够控制多次波的次数,离散傅里叶变换中的卷绕问题就能够避免。垂直入射时的VSP地震图可以作为一种特殊情况而被迅速得到。本文列举了一些例子说明这种方法,通过限制射线角度的积分范围以及应用叠加原理,某些类型的有横向变化的构造也能够近似得到处理。     

苏联水文地球化学地震预报研究的最新成果

本文回顾了在苏联所有地震区就地震预报而进行的水文地球化学和流体地球动力学的主要研究成果。从83个台站组成的庞大的观测网收集了大量的资料,这些资料涉及到大约40个水文地球化学和流体地球动力学参数的变化。联系本地区的地震活动对这些资料进行了分析研究。在对常规观测结果进行统计分析的基础上,对水文地球化学前兆进行了分类。指出了由前兆物理化学性质而定的水文地球化学异常的几个特点、给定地区的地质条件和预期地震活动的特点。给出了数据分析的一些复杂的统计方法和根据水文地球化学方法预报的几个地震实例。发现水文地球化学和流体地球动力学前兆对短期预报非常有效。讨论了能引起水文地球化学前兆的可能机制。简短地叙述了苏联用于水文地球化学和流体地球动力学观测的精密自记装置的进展。     

与长英质侵入体伴生的金矿床—以Abitibi带的矿床为例

安大略省Abitibi“绿岩带”以往的黄金生产情况和金的储量估计表明,Kirkland湖—Lardar湖矿区中70％的金矿和Porcupine矿区中60％的金矿产于长英质侵入体内或其附近。然而,长英质侵入体对脉状金矿的形成所起的作用,仍是一个悬而未决的问题。加拿大Arrow和Murphy—Garrison矿床的初步研究结果表明:1)金矿化只限于石英脉周围的黄铁矿化蚀变带,这些石英脉产于侵入体和其周围玄武岩中的裂隙内;2)加拿大Arrow矿床的金矿化产于侵入体中,而Murphy—Garrison矿床的矿化则产在玄武岩中;3)加拿大Arrow矿床中,形成石英的流体至少有两种:早期的流体同时沉淀了方铅矿;晚期的流体使二长岩蚀变,并沉淀了金;4)加拿大Arrow矿床中,二长岩的原生矿物组合和石英脉的液态包体显示出CO_2具高的活动性。这些资料表明:这两个矿床的矿化发生在成矿过程中的晚期,并受构造控制。但这些资料尚不足以确定侵入体在成矿过程中的作用。     

前显生宙生物圈——30亿年生命演化的转折点和发展期

引言随着西澳大利亚瓦拉沃纳群硅质岩中小球状和丝状微化石及选层石的发现,可以确信生命的历史可追溯到35亿年以前。真核生物的出现可能早于15亿年,但是直到大约13亿年以前尚未找到确切的标本。后生动物大约在6.8至5.7亿年期间出现,宣告进入了显生宙时代。在最早期的生命历史中伴随着由前生物有机化合物所洪给的、可能是异养的最早生物的发展导致生物演化上的转折点。自养生物[造甲基(Methanogens)和光合自养厌     

魁北克西南部马尼沃基—格雷斯菲尔德地区的锌矿床及铁矿床成因特征

引言尽管格林维尔地质省的高级变质岩内一般尚未听说有著名的重要矿床,但属于格林维尔超群的范围内部却赋存有纽约州巴尔马特-爱德华兹地区的大量块状闪锌矿,还有魁北克西南部和安大略东部相似格林维尔岩层中的许多小型锌矿和多金属矿。本文目的在叙述那些位于渥太华以北100km 魁北克省马尼沃基-格雷斯菲尔德(Maniwaki-Grace-tield)地区的格林维尔型锌矿产地和伴生的铁建造。在该区发现巴尔马特-爱德华兹规     

Fluid Inclusion Geochemistry of Metallic Ore Deposits in the South- Central Sector of theDa Hinggan Mountains in China

Physicochemical parameters of mineralization such as temperature, pressure, salinity, density, composition and boiling of ore fluids as well as pH, Eh, fo2 and reducing parameter in theprocess of mineralization of major ore deposits in the study district have been obtained by the authors through systematic observation and determination of characteristics and phase changes of fluid inclusions at different temperatures and analysis of gaseous and liquid phase compositions of the inclusions, thus providing a scientific basis for the division of mineralization-alteration stages, types of mineral deposits and minerogenetic series and the deepening of the knowledge about the ore-forming processes and mechanisms of mineral deposits. It is indicated that the deposits of the same type have similar fluid inclusion geochemical features and physicochemical parameters though they belong to different minerogenetic series, while the compositions of inclusions are not conditioned by deposit types but closely related to     

ANALYSIS OF SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE RECORDED IN LAHORE AND MIANWALI OVER THE PAST THREE DECADES

Surface air temperatures recorded over the past three decades at the weather stations located in Lahore (anindustrialized and densely populated city) and Mianwali (a small and sparsely populated city) were analyzed in order tostudy their climatic trend.Lahore,where meteorological data are recorded at two weather stations (city station and air-port station) indicates a cooling trend,of about 0.5℃ per record period of 1953—1992,for the airport station (31°31′N,74°24′E) and a slight warming trend,of about 0.2℃,for the city station (31°33′N,74°20′E) for the record period of 1950—1992.The Mianwali weather station (32°33′N,71°31′E) also shows a slight cooling trend,of about 0.4℃ per recordperiod of 1959—1992.The climatic variability at these stations was studied by computing seasonal and annual tempera-ture anomalies.The results are explained in terms of the local environmental conditions.     

中西伯利亚变成金矿化的矿物—地球化学特征

早就发现中西伯利亚的金矿床产于一定成分和相从属关系的变质岩发育区。H.B.彼得洛夫卡斯娅在40年代研究该区矿床的矿物学并否定矿化与变质作用的成因联系之后,仍然根据围岩的变质作用程度进行了金属矿床的分类。矿化与一定内生作用的关系目前尚未得到公认。有关矿化与岩浆作用、变质作用和交代作用的关系存在多种见解。在进行找矿工作时有必要考虑变质作用的类型和变质改造的程度。     

西奈东部Bir Zreir菱形地堑的成因

Bir Zreir菱形地堑,位于西奈东部.此地堑在三维空间上出露良好.前寒武纪结晶基底和上覆显生宇沉积物之间的近水平状不整合面,基底侵入体的接触面和早中新世的基性岩脉体系可使人们非常精确地填绘局部构造,确定沿断层的垂直和水平位移.用标准的“拉开(Pullapart)模式”对Bir Zreir菱形地堑预测的垂直离距比观察到的大3到6倍.根据Bir Zreir地块发生旋转运动而建立的另一种模式,与野外的证据更为接近。本文推论:地堑的形状和大小由初始断层的格局所决定;后期构造运动使地堑的最终形状相对没有什么变化.Bir Zreir地块的旋转是南北向断层的左旋位移和其走向变为北北东以及区域上东西向拉张的综合结果.本文所提出的模式,不需要沿斜向断层(diagonal fault)有一个类如“拉开”那样大而深的张裂(gap)。