威海近岸人工鱼礁布设对生物资源恢复效果

为了解人工鱼礁投放对区域内海洋生物资源恢复效果,于2013年3月至2014年1月在北黄海近岸人工鱼礁投放区进行调查。结果显示,该海区发现浮游动物53种,其中优势种为浮游桡足类。夏秋季底栖生物幼体成为季节性优势种。游泳动物共发现14种,主要为常见的礁区鱼类。底栖动物共12种,其中棘皮动物海燕为绝对优势种,为近岸养殖生物的主要敌害生物,主要的底栖资源优势种为虾蟹类与软体动物。投礁区的浮游动物与游泳动物物种数明显多于未投礁区,表明人工投礁有助于生物群落的恢复,提高生物多样性,改善区域生态系统。但该海域大型底栖藻类较少,还应进一步对大型底栖藻类增殖以提高海域初级生产。     

海空重力测量及应用技术研究进展与展望(一):目的意义与技术体系

作为海空重力测量及应用技术研究进展的开篇,首先简要介绍了该项技术的研究背景,然后详细论述了海空重力测量信息的应用价值及开展该项技术研究的目的意义和应用需求,分析了海空重力测量的技术特点,提出了海空重力测量及应用技术体系的基本架构,明确了该项技术的研究内容、作业流程及各个技术环节的相互关系。     

辽河口海冰压缩强度基本特性分析

海冰的压缩强度是海冰最主要的力学特性.针对辽河口附近海域海冰的压缩强度指标,2014~2015年冬季于辽河口附近采样并进行室内测试.内容包括单轴压缩强度实验、侧限压缩强度实验、变尺寸压缩强度测试.实验表明辽河口海冰压缩强度受应变速率、卤水体积影响显著.侧限压缩实验要比单轴压缩实验所得结果略大.不同高宽比的试样在相同应变速率的前提下压缩强度变化不明显,尺寸影响不显著.     

生物型凹凸棒基高分子固沙材料的复配效果

由于具有提高沙土的稳定性和保水性等特征,复合高吸水性固沙材料在荒漠化土地治理方面具有一定的潜力和应用前景。研究了蓝藻结皮在不同比例凹凸棒基高分子固沙材料中的生长状态和生理特性。结果表明:蓝藻结皮与经4 mol·L^-1硫酸改性后的凹凸棒基高分子固沙材料以1∶3质量比配比生长情况最佳;比较了复配材料喷洒量为400、500g·m^-2处理下蓝藻叶绿素a、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量等生理指标,喷洒量为500 g·5m^-2的蓝藻结皮与经4 mol·L^-1硫酸改性后的凹凸棒基高分子固沙材料生理特性较好。     

沙漠下垫面地面温度及能量收支的BATS模式参数化改进

利用陆面过程模式BATS,引入地表发射率及两种大气发射率参数化方案,同时引入不同的地表粗糙度参数化方案,对比各种参数化方案对沙漠下垫面地面温度及能量收支的模拟状况。结果表明：采用Van Bavel等发展的地表发射率及Chung等发展的大气发射率方案可以明显改进地面温度及向上长波辐射的模拟,Chung等方案在夜间与正午的模拟效果更好,减小了1 ℃左右的地面温度模拟偏差,减小了10 W·m^-2左右的向上长波辐射模拟偏差。晴天地面温度及向上长波辐射的模拟结果优于阴天。利用Zhang等发展的裸土粗糙度参数化方案也会提高模式对地表感热通量模拟的准确性。     

A modified normalized model for predicting effective soil thermal conductivity

Effective soil thermal conductivity (λ _eff) describes the ability of a multiphase soil to transmit heat by conduction under unit temperature gradient. It is a critical parameter for environmental science, earth and planetary science, and engineering applications. Numerous models are available in the literature, but their applicability is generally restricted to certain soil types or water contents (θ). The objective of this study was to develop a new model in the similar form of the Johansen 1975 model to simulate the λ _eff(θ) relationship of soils of various soil textures and water contents. An exponential type model with two parameters is developed and a new function for calculating dry soil thermal conductivity is presented. Performance of the new model and six other normalized models were evaluated with published datasets. The results show that the new model is able to well mimic λ _eff(θ) relationship of soils from sand to silt loam and from oven dry to full saturation. In addition, it has the best performance among the seven models under test (with root-mean-square error of 0.059 W m^?1 °C^?1, average deviations of 0.0009 W m^?1 °C^?1, and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.994). The new model has potential to improve the reliability of soil thermal conductivity estimation and be incorporated into numerical modeling for environmental, earth and engineering studies.     

西藏某水电站左岸坝肩边坡地震稳定性分析

地震作用下岩质高边坡的稳定性历来是边坡稳定性研究中的重点,难度比较大。总结了对地震边坡进行工程地质分析的方法,并结合西藏某拟建水电站所在区工程地质条件,对地震作用下该水电站的边坡的稳定性进行工程地质分析;建立数值模型,采用有限差分程序FLAC 3D对地震作用下该边坡的动力稳定性进行分析。由工程地质分析可知,该边坡在地震作用下整体处于稳定状态;拟静力法计算可知,地震对该边坡的稳定性有一定影响;通过地震动力时程分析可知,地震对边坡顶部和坡面附近的影响较大,因而这些地方危险较大;同时还分析了地震波频率、振幅对稳定性的影响以及断层对地震波传播的影响规律。      

断层气氢浓度观测技术试验研究

In order to explore the new technology and methods for seismic underground fluid observation, a test study on measurement of hydrogen concentration in fault gas is carried out at the piedmont fault zone of Zhongtiao Mountain. Through the experiment on observation positions, gas collection devices and sampling depths, the paper presents the observation method for fault gas hydrogen concentration by using an online automatic trace hydrogen analyzer. Comparative tests are conducted on the stability and optimum conditions of this type of instrument in the field environment, and the hydrogen concentrations at different measuring points of the same fault are observed. The results show that it is technically feasible to carry out continuous hydrogen concentration on a fault zone. The method proposed in this study could be a useful tool for setting the observation points, choosing a reasonable observation depth and scientific analysis of the observed data.     

Influence of confining pressure and impact loading on mechanical properties of amphibolite and sericite-quartz schist

In order to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of amphibolite and sericite-quartz schist under confi ning pressure, two rocks are subjected to impact loadings with different strain rates and confi ning pressures by using split Hopkinson pressure bar equipment with a confi ning pressure device. Based on the experimental results, the stress-strain curves are analyzed and the effects of confi ning pressure and strain rates on the dynamic compressive strength, peak strain and failure mode are summarized. The results show that:(1) The characteristics of two rocks in the ascent stage of the stressstrain curve are basically the same, but in the descent stage, the rocks gradually show plastic deformation characteristics as the confi ning pressure increases.(2) The dynamic compressive strength and peak strain of two rocks increase as the strain rate increases and the confi ning pressure effects are obvious.(3) Due to the effect of confi ning pressure, the normal stress on the damage surface of the rock increases correspondingly, the bearing capacity of the crack friction exceeds the material cohesion and the slippage of the fractured rock is controlled, which all lead to the compression and shear failure mode of rock. The theoretical analysis and experimental methods to study the dynamic failure mode and other related characteristics of rock are useful in developing standards for engineering practice.     

鲁甸地震生命线工程震害特点及应急抢修

在现场调查的基础上,本文总结分析了鲁甸地震交通、通信和电力等三类生命线工程的震害特点及应急抢修情况。鲁甸地震是一次较典型的山区地震,地震地质灾害和强地震动共同作用是造成生命线工程破坏的主要原因。交通系统的主要震害是山体滑坡引起的道路中断,灾区属于高山峡谷地形,道路抢通困难。电力系统的小型水力发电站破坏严重,龙头山变电站的破坏直接导致其下级的2个变电站也断电。通信系统在本次地震中受的影响相对较小,恢复也较快。