Time evolution and spatial accumulation of progressive failure for Xinhua slope in the Dagangshan reservoir,Southwest China

This paper presents a preliminary study of time evolution and spatial accumulation of progressive failure for ancient landslide deposits in Xinhua slope. According to the geological response after impoundment, the Xinhua slope has shown the spatial accumulation of deformation, such as ground cracks in the rear edge, toe collapse, local shallow slides in intense rainfall, and progressive creep displacement. Approximately 2 years of monitoring was performed for the Xinhua slope with the assistance of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and field investigations. The deformation process of a reservoir landslide is considered to be a comprehensive and complicated combination of geological influence from various adverse factors. Field investigations and monitoring indicate that the major serious influence after completion of dam construction comes from the initial large-scale impoundment, the fluctuation of water level, and the existence of a flood season. The creep/slip deformation of slope deposits is a result of integration with adverse hydraulic conditions, e.g., strong rainfall, intense currents and transient seepage flow inside the slope deposits, and activation by water level fluctuation, which can be verified from the twofold evident deformation in the flood season. For the reservoir with daily regulation ability, the occurrence of evident deformations in July highlights that the regulation plan for water level in the flood season is important for controlling the deformation of slope deposits, where the fluctuation of the water level is no more than 10 m in the operation period.     

Differential cobalt-induced effects on plant growth,ultrastructural modifications,and antioxidative response among four <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> (L.) cultivars

Despite the increasing environmental threat of cobalt in the modern era, less is known as its phytotoxicity behavior. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess the toxicity effects of cobalt and to understand the associated physio-biochemical response in Brassica napus, an economically important plant crop species. Five-day-old seedlings of four cultivars (Zheda 619, Zheda 622, ZS 758, and ZY 50) were exposed to five different levels of cobalt under hydroponic conditions. Results showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of plant growth, accompanied by notable chlorophyll loss, protein degradation, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. Further, Co contents in different plants parts were found to be higher in Zheda 622 than all other cultivars. In all cultivars, the contents of enzymatic activities (SOD, POD, GR, and GSH) were markedly increased following cobalt exposure; by contrast, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities declined with increased cobalt concentration in medium, which was also, echoed by the pattern of enzymes-related mRNA levels. Morphological observations, supported by ultrastructural analysis revealed clear differences in cobalt sensitivity among cultivars, with ZS 758 identified as less sensitive cultivar, and Zheda 622 the most sensitive one. In addition to revealing genotypic differences in cobalt sensitivity in B. napus, findings suggest the mechanisms of cobalt tolerance in this specie could, at least partially, in relation with the ability of plant to sustain the activity of superoxide dismutase and guaicol peroxidase and to maintain glutathione reduced pool through the action of glutathione reductase.     

Equation of state of synthetic qandilite Mg<Subscript>2</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>4</Subscript> at ambient temperature

Using a diamond-anvil cell and synchrotron X-ray diffraction, the compressional behavior of a synthetic qandilite Mg_2.00(1)Ti_1.00(1)O₄ has been investigated up to about 14.9 GPa at 300 K. The pressure–volume data fitted to the third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state yield an isothermal bulk modulus (K _T0) of 175(5) GPa, with its first derivative \(K_{T0}^{{\prime }}\) attaining 3.5(7). If \(K_{T0}^{{\prime }}\) is fixed as 4, the K _T0 value is 172(1) GPa. This value is substantially larger than the value of the adiabatic bulk modulus (K _S0) previously determined by an ultrasonic pulse echo method (152(7) GPa; Liebermann et al. in Geophys J Int 50:553–586, 1977), but in general agreement with the K _T0 empirically estimated on the basis of crystal chemical systematics (169 GPa; Hazen and Yang in Am Miner 84:1956–1960, 1999). Compared to the K _T0 values of the ulvöspinel (Fe₂TiO₄; ~148(4) GPa with \(K_{T0}^{{\prime }} = 4\)) and the ringwoodite solid solutions along the Mg₂SiO₄–Fe₂SiO₄ join, our finding suggests that the substitution of Mg²⁺ for Fe²⁺ on the T sites of the 4–2 spinels can have more significant effect on the K _T0 than that on the M sites.     

Toxicological effects of PBDEs on <Emphasis Type="Italic">carassius aurats</Emphasis>

In this study the effects of polybrominated diphenyl ether compounds (PBDEs), BDE-47 and BDE-99 on carassius aurats were discussed. The reproductive capacity viability and proliferation percent decreased with increasing BDE-47and BDE-99 concentrations (p<0.05), presenting a dose-dependent manner. Physiological biomarkers such as cholesterol (CHL), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and vitamin were studied to reveal the toxicological effects of BDE-47 and BDE-99 exposure. CHL levels generally decrease with increasing BDE-47 exposure. However, there were no significant differences between the samples and the control. As to BDE-99, the CHL level decreased as compared with the control level when the BDE-99 concentrations reached 20 μg/L (p<0.05). The degree of inhibition of the AChE increased with the increase of DE-47and BDE-99 concentrations. The EROD activity during 72 hours' exposure significantly increased to 20 μg/L for BDE-47 (p<0.05), however, EROD activity was not significantly different at different concentrations of BDE-99 (p<0.05). Carassius aurats hepatocytes reacted to the BDE-47 exposure with increasing EROD activities in the dose dependent manner. Although at lower concentrations, the induced effects of BDE-47 and BDE-99 were not significantly different, though BDE-47 showed strong induced effects on the EROD activity with increasing concentrations in carassius aurats hepatocytes. In contrast, BDE-99 did not influence EROD activity consistently. The VA level of carassius aurats was significantly different from that of the controls for BDE-99 (p<0.001), as far as the VA level was significantly lower of carassius aurats than the controls for BDE-47 (p<0.001). CHL, AChE, EROD, and VA levels in carassius aurats were differently affected by BDE-47 and BDE-99 exposures, therefore, they would be good indicators for exposure.     

北京、重庆和深圳城市空间增长绩效比较研究

基于城市空间结构紧凑度和均衡度的概念构建城市空间增长绩效模型,遴选北京、重庆和深圳3个城市等级和地形迥异的大城市,分析其在2012—2016年的空间增长绩效。结果表明:北京的城乡区域逐渐融成一体,深圳的城市空间形态演变为多中心组团式的格局,而重庆的城市空间形态则相对紧凑。在此期间,北京的城市蔓延状况最严重,深圳的城市蔓延速度最快,而重庆则在社区级服务中心的配置上改善明显。空间增长绩效上,市区级紧凑度重庆最高,北京最低;社区级紧凑度深圳最高,北京最低;市区级均衡度北京最低,社区级均衡度重庆最低。     

An analysis of oasis evolution based on land use and land cover change: A case study in the Sangong River Basin on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains

This study investigated oasis evolution and the changes of peripheral desert in the Sangong River Basin since the 1950s by rebuilding seven land cover maps derived from black-and-white aerial photographs (1958, 1968, and 1978), a color-infrared aerial photograph (1987), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery (1998), Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) imagery (2004), and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery (2014). The results showed that: (1) Since 1950, the oasis consecutively expanded more than four times from an alluvial fan to an alluvial plain, causing the shrinkage of desert landscapes that were dominated by a Haloxylon ammodendron Bunge community (HBC) and a Tamarix chinensis Lour community (TLC). Furthermore, the primary (1958–1968) and final (2004–2014) stages were the most important periods, during which agricultural land experienced the most rapid expansion during the period 1958–1968, and the built-up area showed the most rapid expansion after the 2000s. (2) Two basic management modes, a “local mode” formed by the local governments and a “farm management mode” developed by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, together promoted oasis evolution under various land-use and landcover (LULC) stages. (3) The evolution of the modern oasis during the 1950s–2004 showed the general features of an arid oasis, while during the period of 2004–2014 it was characterized by a large-scale inter-basin water diversion or the import of new water sources. (4) The oasis expanded at the expense of desert vegetation, resulting in distinct variation in the structure of the desert plant community, which will make it more difficult to protect the desert ecosystem.     

三疣梭子蟹低盐适应相关的SNP开发

盐度是影响三疣梭子蟹人工繁育非常重要的一个环境因素,抗低盐品系的三疣梭子蟹受到水产养殖界的广泛喜爱。分子标记辅助育种可以大大加快良种选育和性状改良的的过程,目前作为第三代的分子标记技术的SNP,广泛应用到三疣梭子蟹耐低盐品系选育过程中。本实验室已有的研究中,通过不同群体分别在盐度11和33下的基因表达差异,构建的比较转录组学数据中总共包含了615条与低渗调节相关的基因片段。为了发掘三疣梭子蟹与低盐适应相关SNP,本研究基于三疣梭子蟹比较转录组学数据研究结果,筛选出低盐调节相关候选基因片段50条,设计引物进行PCR扩增,共得到总长为18511 bp的DNA片段。通过直接测序法在低盐相关片段上发现了85个SNP位点,分布频率为0.46/100 bp,其中转换突变的比例为81%,颠换突变的比例为19%,转换的比例远远大于颠换,符合“transition bias”原理。C/T或G/A突变所占比例为55%;G/T或C/A比例为26%,A/T突变所占比例为12%,G/C突变比例为7%。通过飞行质谱法,在三疣梭子蟹低盐适应性状分离群体中各成功分型了23个SNP位点。通过卡方检验分析发现,8个SNPs与低盐适应显著相关（P<0.05）。其中有三个关联性SNP位点位于表皮蛋白基因上,有三个SNP位点位于三个新基因上,其他两个SNP位点分别位于水通道蛋白和氯离子通道蛋白基因上。这些标记的开发为三疣梭子蟹耐低盐新品种选育方法的建立奠定了良好的基础。     

基于控制点约束影像的密集匹配及其在考古发掘中的应用

针对大场景考古挖掘现场的三维重建情况,选取半全局匹配策略作为研究基础,设计了一种基于附加控制点约束的半全局匹配算法进行序列影像密集匹配。将稀疏匹配中的特征提取和匹配技术用于提取初始特征,并由这些初始特征转化的同名特征点,生成视差空间影像中的视差控制点,以此作为一种可靠的约束,提高其密集匹配的精度。同时,采用影像分块的策略,将原始大核线影像分成若干对小核线影像,进行密集匹配,以达到提高计算效率,改善计算结果的目的。实验证明,该方法可实现大面积考古挖掘现场的快速三维重建,并且能够在进行文物形态三维重建的同时获取挖掘现场文物分布的正射影像平面图,为准确记录挖掘现场文物分布位置及考古发掘、调查及遗址保护规划编制等提供科学依据。     

利用海面温度和海面动力高度反演西太平洋月平均温度场

海水三维温度场是海洋研究和海洋工程领域中最重要的数据资料之一。本研究基于量纲分析法获得海面参数和海水内部温度剖面之间的函数关系,进而提出了一种利用海面温度和海面动力高度反演大洋月平均三维温度场的方法。本研究基于该方法估算了西太平洋海域0～1 000 m深度范围月平均三维温度场,并将反演结果与基于Argo资料获得的三维温度场进行了比较,其结果证明了该方法的有效性。