Numeric modelling and risk assessment of pollutions in the Chinese Bohai Sea

To simulate the dynamic process of total nitrogen (TN) in seas, numerical modelling combined with the adjoint method is implemented in this study. Because nonpoint source terms (ST) and initial values (IV) of TN are essential but difficult to determine, the adjoint method was applied to a numerical model, and the ST and IV terms of TN were inverted via routine monitoring data in the Bohai Sea. In twin experiments, the adjoint method was capable of inverting the prescribed spatio-temporally distributed ST and the spatial distributed IV. In practical experiments, the results demonstrated that the simulation precision with ST inversion was higher than that with IV inversion and was accurate with joint initial values and source term (IST) inversion. This result indicates that nonpoint source TN is essential for the simulation of TN concentration. Furthermore, the simulated results indicate that the pollution in three bays of the Bohai Sea is rather severe. The model in this study is not specific to the Bohai Sea and can be generalized to other areas, such as the Beibu Gulf. These findings may assist in the development of cost-effective controls for accidental or planned industrial pollutant releases into coastal waters.     

基于遥感反射率的太湖优势藻识别方法

我国淡水湖库频发水华,不同类群形成的水华特征、危害及其治理方法差异显著,因此,如何区分不同藻种的遥感反射率特征,获取湖泊优势种信息是一个亟待解决的科学问题。研究基于室内藻种培养实验,培养了富营养化湖泊中的典型蓝藻和绿藻藻种,其中,蓝藻包括铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）、假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaenasp．）和束丝藻（Aphanizomenonsp．）,绿藻包括小球藻（Chlorellasp．）以及四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quadricauda）;基于实测的遥感反射率,经归一化处理后,分析了不同藻种的遥感反射率特征,构建了DI(difference index)指数以及ADI(algae distinguish index)指数,建立了藻种分类模型,利用验证集数据进行检验,整体识别精度达77.55%,Kappa系数为0.7178。将分类方法应用于太湖野外实测遥感反射率数据集中,结果与实测的生物量数据有较好的匹配;将模型应用于太湖OLCI(ocean and land colour instrument)影像数据,获得了2019年12月和2020...     

邢台地区设定地震事件烈度影响

通过邢台地区历史地震烈度资料分析,得到该地区烈度—频率灾害曲线及地震风险。以地震地质资料理论为基础,结合河北省城市活断层探测成果、地壳结构等资料,确定2个设定地震事件。采用复合震源模型,模拟合成强地面运动,并基于强地面运动模拟结果,分析邢台地区地震影响烈度,为今后该地区建筑物抗震设防、避难场所选址、震后救援以及地震保险风险评估提供参考依据。     

浙江省地震观测台站综合防雷系统升级

以2014年浙江省地震局5个地震台站进行综合防雷系统升级改造为例,阐述浙江省数字观测台站雷击隐患,从配电系统、接地系统、通信系统和综合布线等方面出发,结合台站实际情况,对地质环境特殊的台站进行针对性防护,总结此次防雷系统改造的实际效果,分析不足之处,提出后续改造建议。     

Assessing flood risk in Baiyangdian Lake area in a changing climate using an integrated hydrological-hydrodynamic modelling

ABSTRACT

Flood-risk is affected by both climatic and anthropogenic factors. In this study, we assess changes in flood risk induced by a combination of climate change and flood prevention sets in the Baiyangdian (BYD) Lake area of China. Extreme storm events are analysed by the bias-corrected climate data from global climate models. A hydrological model is implemented and integrated with a hydrodynamic model to assess flood risk under three scenarios. The streamflow into the BYD was validated against historical flash-flood events. The results indicate that the changing climate increased extreme precipitation, upstream total inflow and the flood risk at the core region of Xiong’an New Area (XNA), the newly announced special economic zone in the BYD area. However, flood prevention measures can effectively mitigate the climatic effect. The research highlights the severe flash-flood risk at BYD and demonstrates the urgent need for a climate-resilient plan for XNA.     

固沙植被区土壤质地与土壤微生物数量的关系

土壤微生物是荒漠生态系统的重要组分,参与成土过程与生物地球化学循环,其数量反映土壤质量,是判别退化生态系统恢复程度的重要指标。选取沙坡头固沙植被区土壤中的真菌、细菌、放线菌数量进行研究,分析了其时空分布、恢复特征及影响因子。结果表明：土壤微生物数量随固沙年限增加而增加,随土层深度增加而减少,夏秋季显著大于冬春季。三大类群微生物数量恢复曲线均呈现S型,在固沙植被建立18~24 a后恢复速率达到峰值,24~36 a后数量能够达到天然植被区的31.6%~83.7%。土壤微生物数量恢复过程主要受土壤细物质含量的影响,土壤pH是限制因子。土壤微生物对土壤状况与覆被变化敏感,能较早且敏感地指示生态系统功能的变化。     

Variation and relationship between soil moisture and environmental factors in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016

This study analyzed soil moisture, soil erosion, and vegetation in the source region of the Yangtze River from 2005 to 2016. We found that soil moisture showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2009 but decreased from 2009 to 2016. The surface soil moisture was severely affected by seasonal changes in the source region of the Yangtze River, especially in the soil from 0 to 40 cm. However, seasonal variation of soil moisture deeper than 40 cm was different from that in the upper layer. Soil moisture below 40 cm wasn't affected by the seasonal variation. Soil moisture from 0 to 50 cm and the average thickness of wind deposition showed a positive correlation in the study area from 2005 to 2016. For environmental protection in the source region of the Yangtze River, wind deposition played a role in water retention. Similarly, a positive correlation also existed between the average thickness of wind erosion and soil moisture. Deep-soil moisture was the key factor for vegetation structure on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results are also helpful for further understanding the variation of soil moisture on the Tibetan Plateau and providing a scientific basis for effectively protecting and controlling the ecological environment in the future.     

The Gas to Dust Ratio in Three Star Forming Regionstwo

Gas to Dust Ratio (GDR) indicates the mass ratio of interstellar gas to dust. It is widely adopted that the GDR in our Galaxy is 100～150. We choose three typical star forming regions to study the GDR: the Orion molecular cloud — a massive star forming region, the Taurus molecular cloud — a low-mass star forming region, and the Polaris molecular cloud — a region with no or very few star formation activities. The mass of gas only takes account of the neutral gas, i.e. only the atomic and molecular hydrogen, because the amount of ionized gas is very small in a molecular cloud. The column density of atomic hydrogen is taken from the high-resolution and high-sensitivity all-sky survey EBHIS (Effelsberg-Bonn HI Survey). The CO J = 1 →0 line is used to trace the molecular hydrogen, since the spectral lines of molecular hydrogen which can be detected are rare. The intensity of CO J = 1 →0 line is taken from the Planck all-sky survey. The mass of dust is traced by the interstellar extinction based on the 2MASS (Two Micron All Sky Survey) photometric database in the direction of anti-Galactic center. Adopting a constant conversion coefficient from the integrated intensity of the CO line to the column density of molecular hydrogen, X_CO = 2.0 × 10²⁰ cm^?2 · (K · km/s)^?1, the gas to dust ratio N(H)/A_V is calculated, which is 25, 38, and 55 (in units of 10²⁰ cm^?2 · mag^?1) for the Orion, Taurus, and Polaris molecular clouds, respectively. These values are significantly higher than the previously obtained average value of the Galaxy. Adopting the WD01 interstellar dust model (when the V-band selective extinction ratio is R_V = 3.1), the derived GDRs are 160, 243, and 354 for the Orion, Taurus, and Polaris molecular clouds, respectively, which are apparently higher than 100～150, the commonly accepted GDR of the diffuse interstellar medium. The high N(H)/A_V values in the star forming regions may be explained by the growth of dust in the molecular clouds because of either the particle collision or accretion, which can lead to the reduction of extinction efficiency per unit mass in the V band, rather than the increase of the GDR itself.     

柴达木盆地盐湖卤水及其沉积物硼同位素地球化学研究进展

综述了柴达木盆地盐湖卤水及其沉积物的硼同位素研究成果,并从pH值、离子浓度、物源补给等几方面对盐湖卤水及其沉积物的硼同位素组成进行了探讨。强烈的蒸发作用可以导致盐湖卤水的pH值降低,从而使δ¹¹B值相应地升高;卤水中的B可能会随碳酸盐的析出而进入到固相中,因此Ca²⁺浓度和Ca/Cl比值较高的湖泊,其卤水的δ¹¹B值一般都比较高;盐湖卤水及其补给水源的δ¹¹B值与B/Cl比值具有中等程度的负相关关系,这种特性也可以用来指示河水中硼的来源;当易风化的硅酸盐矿物经剥蚀迁移并最终在湖泊中沉积时,盐湖沉积物的δ¹¹B值会因这些低δ¹¹B值的物源加入而变低;此外,强烈的化学风化会使湖泊中沉积较多的细粒粘土矿物,由于粘土矿物的吸附作用也会使得盐湖沉积物中的δ¹¹B值偏低。关于柴达木盆地盐湖硼同位素的研究,不仅可以为盐湖的形成、演化及成盐成矿规律的研究提供可靠依据,而且可以为盐湖资源评价及合理开发提供科学依据。     

城市绿色空间格局时空演变及其生态系统服务评价的研究进展与展望

科学合理的城市绿色空间格局是城市可持续发展的物质空间保障,对其时空演变和影响因素进行研究,可揭示城市绿色空间在城市化进程中各要素与演变过程的复杂关系,以确保城市生态系统服务功能的正常发挥。在生态文明建设背景下,城市绿色空间将在多尺度国土空间规划中发挥积极作用,然而城市绿色空间规划与国土空间规划如何衔接却有待商榷。因此,论文在梳理城市绿色空间概念界定和发展历程的基础上,一方面讨论城市绿色空间格局的时空评价、驱动因子、情景模拟及优化策略的研究进展;另一方面总结生态系统服务在城市绿色空间格局评价中的应用进展。通过归纳以上研究内容,提出国土空间规划体系中有关城市绿色空间格局的评价及优化框架,以期为新时代背景下的城市绿色空间规划提供参考。