陕西地震监测台网在汶川地震监测中的应用

介绍陕西地震监测台网及运行情况,总结分析该台网在四川汶川8.0级地震速报、震型判定、余震预测和地震烈度划分、抗震救灾等方面的作用,探讨了地震监测台网建设及防震减灾相关问题。     

Pre-stack seismic inversion based on -norm regularized logarithmic absolute misfit function

Ill-posedness is one of the most common and intractable issues that arise when solving geophysical inverse problems. Ill-posedness could be induced by various factors such as noise, band-limited intrinsic property of seismic data and inappropriate forward operators. Regularization has been proven to be an effective method widely accepted for mitigating the adverse effects of ill-posedness. Aiming to improve the stability and fidelity of the pre-stack seismic inversion process, we implement the inversion in a Bayesian framework, with a logarithmic absolute criterion taken as a likelihood function, and an -norm metric as a priori constraint. Here, we exploit the linear approximation as the forward operator, and optimize the regularized misfit function by the alternating direction method of multipliers. Applications of the method to synthetic and real data sets yielded improved inversion results in terms of accuracy and resolution, and demonstrated the robustness of the method to noise.     

结合波形互相关的双差定位方法在三峡水库地震中的应用

本文采用基于波形互相关算法的双差定位方法对三峡水库地震进行精定位和地震活动性分析。首先使用双谱互相关方法分析了三峡库区加密台网于2009年3月至2010年12月观测到的地震波形数据,并对波形互相关分析的结果进行了评价。基于结合获得的波形互相关数据使用双差定位方法对地震事件进行精定位研究,结果表明使用双谱法验证的波形互相关数据的定位精度要高于其他数据的结果,其东西向震源位置平均误差为3.2m、南北向为3.9m、垂直向为6.2m。重定位震中结果显示巴东神龙溪两岸微震分布明显呈现出3条近东西向的线性条带状,与地表小规模断裂和碳酸盐岩地层走向一致,揭示了库水主要沿着溶洞或者地下暗河渗透进而诱发地震活动,较强地震可能是微小地震贯穿活动面的结果。     

Modeling spring-summer phytoplankton bloom in Lake Michigan with and without riverine nutrient loading

There were two phytoplankton blooms captured by remote sensing in Lake Michigan in 1998, one from March to May, and one during June. In this paper, those phytoplankton blooms were simulated by a coupled physical–biological model, driven by observed meteorological forcing in 1998. The model reasonably reproduced the lake currents. The biological model results, with and without riverine nutrient loading, were compared with the remote sensing data. A 3-month-long donut-like phytoplankton bloom that appeared in southern Lake Michigan was reasonably well simulated only when riverine input was included, indicating the importance of riverine nutrient input for supporting the growth of phytoplankton in Lake Michigan. The model with riverine input also captured a second event-driven phytoplankton bloom during June with weaker magnitude that occurred in mid-south Lake Michigan, which lasted for about 20 days. The major reason for the weaker bloom in June was that vertical mixing in the hydrodynamic model was too weak (leading to a mixed-layer depth of 20 m) to bring the bottom nutrient-rich water up to the epilimnion. High chlorophyll concentration that persisted in Green Bay for almost a year was simulated with less intensity.     

The discovery of surface runoff in the megadunes of Badain Jaran Desert,China, and its significance

The Badain Jaran Desert exhibits the greatest difference in altitude of all of the world’s deserts. On the slopes of megadunes in the desert, there are physical and chemical deposits produced by surface runoff. In addition, we have observed rarely-seen infiltration-excess surface runoff in the megadune depressions as well as spring streams at the base of megadunes. We used electron microscopy, energy spectrum analysis, infiltration experiments, moisture content determinations and grain-size analysis to study the mineral and chemical composition of the runoff precipitates, and grain-size of the deposits associated with the runoff, together with the hydrological balance in the megadune area, and the atmospheric precipitation mechanism responsible for groundwater recharge and for supplying water to lakes. The observations of shallow runoff and infiltration-excess surface runoff indicate the occurrence of strong and effective precipitation in summer, which would provide an important source for groundwater recharge. Several lines of evidence, such as the physical and chemical deposits resulting from shallow subsurface runoff, spring streams, infiltration-excess runoff, and gravity capillary water with a moisture content of 3–6%, demonstrate that precipitation reaches the base of the megadunes through infiltration and subsequently becomes groundwater. The chemical deposits, such as newly-formed calcite and gypsum, and gray-black physical deposits, as well as different stages in the development of fan-shaped landforms resulting from shallow subsurface runoff, indicate that groundwater recharge in the area is the result of long-term precipitation, rather than intermittent individual major rainfall events. Fine sand layers with a low infiltration capacity lead to subsurface runoff emerging at the ground surface. Five factors play an important role in maintaining a positive water balance and in replenishing groundwater via rainfall: effective rainfall as a water source, the high infiltration capacity of the sands enabling rainfall to rapidly become capillary water in the dunes, low evapotranspiration rates due to the sparse vegetation, the fact that the depth of the sand layer influenced by evaporation is shallow enough to maximize the deep infiltration of rainfall, and rapidly-moving gravity capillary water in the sandy dunes. These five factors together constitute a mechanism for groundwater recharge from rainfall, and explain the origin of the groundwater and lakes in the area. Our findings represent a significant advance in research on the hydrological cycle, including groundwater recharge conditions and recharge mechanisms, in this desert region.     

Preliminary analysis of teleseismic receiver functions of the Ningxia and its adjacent area

The teleseismic receiver functions of digital seismic network of Ningxia and its adjacent area are calculated with two different Gauss filter factors. The accuracy and stability of the receiver functions are discussed. The h-k stacking method is applied to estimate the crustal thickness and velocity ratio beneath seismic stations. The results indicate that there are sharp changes of crustal thickness and velocity ratio in the studied region. This region is located in the northeastern margin of Tibet, and also a junction of several first-grade blocks. The large contrast of crustal structure in this region is considered to be resulted from the interaction of these blocks. Our results are helpful to construct the completed model of the formation and evolution of the Tibet. Some local structures are also discussed combining with the geological faults.     

Preliminary analysis of earthquake probability based on the synthetic seismic catalog

The analysis of seismic hazards relies on the statistical analysis of historical seismic data and the instrumental seismic catalog to obtain the regional earthquake recurrence interval and earthquake probability. The accuracy of analysis thus depends strongly on the completeness of the seismic data used. However, available seismic catalogs are too short or incomplete for the reliable analysis of the statistical characteristics of earthquakes. If a long-term synthetic seismic catalog can be generated using a physics-based numerical simulation, and the simulation results match the crustal deformation, seismicity, and other observations,then such a synthetic catalog helps us to further understand the characteristics of seismic activity and analyze the regional seismic hazard. In this paper, taking the northeastern Tibetan Plateau as a case study, we establish a three-dimensional visco-elastoplastic finite-element model to simulate earthquake cycles and the spatiotemporal evolution of earthquakes on the model fault system and obtain a seismic catalog on a time scale of tens of thousands of years. On the basis that the model satisfies the regional geodynamics of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we analyze seismicity on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau using the simulated synthetic earthquake catalog. The characteristics of earthquake recurrence at different locations and different magnitudes, and the long-term average probability of earthquake occurrence within the fault system on the northeastern Tibetan plateau are studied. The results are a reference for regional seismic hazard assessment and provide a basis for the physics-based numerical prediction of earthquakes.     

Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to the South China Sea

At the global scale,atmospheric inputs of nitrogen are an important source of the new nitrogen that supports new marine production,especially in oligotrophic open oceans and marginal seas.This study reports quantities of atmospheric deposition of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) to the largest marginal sea in the North Pacific(the oligotrophic South China Sea,SCS) based primarily on rainwater sampling in the open northwestern region(Yongxing Island) from 2013 to 2015,and aerosol sampling from the SCS basin in June 2017.Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of DIN and their potential contributions to productivity were estimated.The volume-weighted mean rainwater concentrations during the wet and dry seasons were 4.9 and 18.1 μmol L~(-1) for N+N(NO_3~-+NO_2~-),and 5.7 and 4.0μmol L~(-1) for NH_4~+,respectively.Rainwater concentrations of DIN were lower in the marginal seas than in the open ocean.The aerosol NO_3~-concentration was 1.15±1.18 μg m~(-3) during the wet season,which is slightly lower than reported for the East China Sea and East Sea,but higher than in the Arabian Sea.Monthly wet and dry deposition rates ranged from 0.4-3.9 and 0.4-1.2 mmol m~(-2) mon~(-1) for NO_3~-,and 0.2-1.3 and 0.01-0.02 mmol m~(-2) mon~(-1) for NH_4~+,respectively.The annual wet and dry deposition fluxes of DIN were estimated to be 16.8 and 10.1 mmol m~(-2)yr~(-1),respectively.Compared to other marginal seas,the SCS receives less atmospheric NO_3~-inputs than the Yellow Sea,East China Sea,East Sea,and northeastern Mediterranean Sea.The total atmospheric DIN deposition may account for 1.8-11.1% of the nitrogen supporting new production and 0.7-1.8% of the nitrogen supporting primary production.     

热带气旋对副热带高压短期时间尺度变化的影响

文中用NCEP/NCAR逐日资料对西太平洋副热带高压的短期时间尺度演化进行了诊断研究,接着对诊断结果进行了理论分析,并用一个正压原始方程模式实施数值试验。结果表明,副热带高压南侧东风气流中的热带气旋及其频散生成高值系统与副热带高压的相互作用,可以形成台风北上副热带高压断裂后的纬向非对称流型和脊线与纬圈斜交的现象;同时讨论了存在这种相互作用的约束条件。     

旋转正压大气中的非线性Schrödinger方程和大气阻塞

本文利用WKB方法导出了旋转正压大气中的非线性Rossby波所满足的立方Schrödinger方程,指出在1≤m≤2的情况下,非线性Schrödinger方程具有包络孤立波解,同时我们还对大气中的包络Rossby孤立波的流场进行了计算,结果得到了阻塞高压和切断低压等结构,并且这些阻塞系统能够维持五天以上。