Influence des perturbations thermiques de l'atmosphère sur la qualité des images solaires

Résumé Le Pic du Midi de Bigorre étant pris comme site expérimental, l'influence sur la qualité des images solaires de deux types de perturbations thermiques de l'atmosphère est examinée, celles-ci étant dues respectivement au sol local et à la convection au sein de l'écoulement incident. Une méthode pyrhéliométrique permettant la détection de la convection en ciel clair est exposée.

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A parameter characterizing the quality of photospheric images has been defined through a three class distribution; it has been estimated over various samples taken during 230 hours of observing time at the Pic du Midi Observatory.Its occurrence is compared to that of two types of atmospheric thermal disturbances, one being created by the local ground and the other brought along by the incident flow and due mainly to convection.The time-derivation of the temperature, which is, under some conditions, well related to the nearby thermal field, may be taken as a characteristic atmospheric parameter, and it is shown that the best quality for solar images occurs only - and then with a fairly good frequency - when its value is slightly positive.A method is described which aims at the detection of convection in the clear atmosphere; as the upward motions are bringing aerosols from the lower layers, a less transparent volume is ascending during the first part of the day and then, its top may intercept the optical axis of the telescope. The diurnal variation of the atmospheric transparency, as observed with a pyrheliometer, shows clearly this occurrence, which may be quite different from one day to another.

     

The urban boundary-layer field campaign in marseille (ubl/clu-escompte): set-up and first results

The UBL/CLU (urban boundary layer/couche limite urbaine) observation and modelling campaign is a side-project of the regional photochemistry campaign ESCOMPTE. UBL/CLU focuses on the dynamics and thermodynamics of the urban boundary layer of Marseille, on the Mediterranean coast of France. The objective of UBL/CLU is to document the four-dimensional structure of the urban boundary layer and its relation to the heat and moisture exchanges between the urban canopy and the atmosphere during periods of low wind conditions, from June 4 to July 16, 2001. The project took advantage of the comprehensive observational set-up of the ESCOMPTE campaign over the Berre–Marseille area, especially the ground-based remote sensing, airborne measurements, and the intensive documentation of the regional meteorology. Additional instrumentation was installed as part of UBL/CLU. Analysis objectives focus on (i) validation of several energy balance computational schemes such as LUMPS, TEB and SM2-U, (ii) ground truth and urban canopy signatures suitable for the estimation of urban albedos and aerodynamic surface temperatures from satellite data, (iii) high resolution mapping of urban land cover, land-use and aerodynamic parameters used in UBL models, and (iv) testing the ability of high resolution atmospheric models to simulate the structure of the UBL during land and sea breezes, and the related transport and diffusion of pollutants over different districts of the city. This paper presents initial results from such analyses and details of the overall experimental set-up.     

黔北务正道地区铝土矿沉积特征及分布规律

通过对黔北务正道地区铝土矿矿石的结构特征、空间分布、古地理资料综合研究认为:不同自然类型的铝土矿指示不同的沉积环境,致密状与半土状铝土矿的沉积过程与黏土岩类似,形成于半封闭海湾的低能环境,碎屑状与豆鲕状铝土矿形成于相对高能的滨岸湿地环境。铝土矿的空间分布与粒级有关,碎屑状与豆鲕状铝土矿围绕半封闭海湾分布,在南部新模向斜、张家院向斜、安厂向斜一线占较大优势。致密状铝土矿在全区广泛分布,由南向西北方向,致密状与半土状铝土矿所占比重皆增加。铝土矿沉积后,受到淋滤作用影响,促使矿石品质变好。     

Modelling and in-situ measurements of intense currents during a winter storm in the Gulf of Aigues-Mortes (NW Mediterranean Sea)

While oceanic circulation in the Gulf of Lion (GoL) has often been studied in calm weather or with northerly winds (Tramontane or Mistral) through observations and numerical circulation models, few studies have focused on southeasterly storm events. Yet, correct representation of the circulation during storms is crucial if the suspension of sediments is to be correctly modelled throughout the Gulf. The purpose of this paper is to describe the hydrodynamics in the Gulf of Aigues-Mortes (NW of the GoL) during the storm of 18 February 2007 by using a set of data from an ADCP station placed at a depth of 65 m on the sea bed off the coast at Sète, supplemented by the ocean circulation model SYMPHONIE. This storm was characterized by a moderate south-easterly wind (15 m . s^?1) and waves of up to 5 m of significant height at its apex. At the ADCP, strong currents of up to 0.8 m . s^?1 near the surface and 0.5 m . s^?1 near the bottom were recorded, parallel to the coast, flowing towards the south-west. The simulated currents were widely underestimated, even taking the effect of waves into account in the model. It was suspected that the representation of the wind in the atmospheric model was an underestimation. A new simulation was therefore run with an arbitrarily chosen stronger wind and its results were in much better agreement with the measurements. A simplified theoretical analysis successfully isolated the wind-induced processes, responsible for the strong currents measured during the apex and the strong vertical shear that occurred at the beginning of the storm. These processes were: 1/ the barotropic geostrophic current induced by a wind parallel to the coast and 2/ the Ekman spiral. The duration of the storm (about 36 h at the apex) explains the continuous increase of the current as predicted by the theory. The frictionally induced Ekman transport explains the current shear in the surface layer in the rising stage of the storm, and the addition of high waves and strong wind at the apex is more in favour of strong vertical mixing in the surface layer.     

Zircon U-Pb geochronology,geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes from the metamorphic basement in the Wuhe Complex:Implications for Neoarchean active continental margin along the southeastern North China Craton and constraints on the petrogenesis of Mesozoic g

We report zircon U-Pb geochronology,geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data from mafic granulites and garnet amphibolites of the Wuhe Complex in the southeastern margin of the North China Craton (NCC).In combination with previous data,our results demonstrate that these rocks represent fragments of the ancient lower crust,and have features similar to those of the granulite basement in the northern margin of the NCC.A detailed evaluation of the Pb isotope data shows that Pb isotopes cannot effectively distinguish the role of the Yangtze Craton basement from that of the NCC basement with regard to the source and generation of magmas,at least for southeastern NCC.The age data suggest that the protoliths of the granulites or amphibolites in the Wuhe Complex were most likely generated in Neoarchean and that these rocks were subjected to Paleoproterozoic(1.8-1.9 Ga) high-pressure granulite facies metamorphism. This study also shows that the Precambrian metamorphic basement in the southeastern margin of the NCC might have formed in a tectonic setting characterized by a late Neoarchean active continental margin.     

Benefits of flavonoids and straw mulch application on soil microbial activity in pea rhizosphere

The importance of flavonoids in rhizosphere–legumes symbiosis has been recognized as critical. However, the limited data are available about their impact on soil microbial communities. In rhizosphere, it remains unclear whether flavonoids, mulch or their joint effects influence on soil microbial diversity and enzymes activity. Therefore, in this study, the effects of flavonoids and straw mulching on soil microbial functional diversity, fungi abundance and enzymes activity (dehydrogenases, protease, acid phosphomonoesterase) in pea rhizosphere were evaluated. The field study was conducted in Lublin, Poland (51°15′N, 22°35′E), on a Haplic Luvisol. Flavonoids were applied on pea seeds and after sowing soil surface was covered with straw mulch. In soil rhizosphere sampled three times during the vegetative period of pea were determined: dehydrogenases, protease and acid phosphomonoesterase activities, metabolic potential of soil bacteria, microbes number and predominant fungal species. The results showed that dehydrogenases and protease activities were significantly increased with time during pea growing season. Significant increase in dehydrogenases activity was observed after flavonoids and mulch influence. There was no impact of studied factors on acid phosphomonoesterase. The effects of flavonoids and mulch on biodiversity indices were related to sampling terms. Straw mulching increased potentially antagonistic fungi in pea rhizosphere. The results of this study can be useful in understanding the effects of flavonoids and mulch on microbial activity and dynamics in pea rhizosphere which is very important in soil quality and crop production.     

Investigation of rainfall-induced failure processes and characteristics of cataclinal and anaclinal slopes using physical models

In this study, two types of small-scale physical modeling tests have considered the impact of the infiltration of rainfall and groundwater level in order to investigate the processes involved in rock slope deformation and failure. The study conducted the physical tests under controlled conditions of groundwater level with rock block shape for two rock slope types (cataclinal and anaclinal slopes). Observations obtained during each stage of deformation and failure were used to explain how gravity deformation varies with groundwater conditions on cataclinal and anaclinal slopes, and infer how rainfall and groundwater influence slope failure. Our results indicate that groundwater level is a crucial factor in the deformation failure of slopes. The failure mechanisms of cataclinal slopes differ considerably from those of anaclinal slopes. The infiltration of surface water and groundwater can have a significant influence on rock layer deformation and the speed of failure. Different shapes of rock block have two toppling types of rock slope, the spherical rock model relatively close to flexural toppling type and the triangular rock model relatively similar to block flexural toppling type, respectively. Details of the failure characteristics of cataclinal and anaclinal slope models are discussed in this paper.     

Simulation of the West African monsoon onset using the HadGEM3-RA regional climate model

The performance of the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 3 regional climate model (HadGEM3-RA) in simulating the West African monsoon (WAM) is investigated. We focus on performance for monsoon onset timing and for rainfall totals over the June–July–August (JJA) season and on the model’s representation of the underlying dynamical processes. Experiments are driven by the ERA-Interim reanalysis and follow the CORDEX experimental protocol. Simulations with the HadGEM3 global model, which shares a common physical formulation with HadGEM3-RA, are used to gain insight into the causes of HadGEM3-RA simulation errors. It is found that HadGEM3-RA simulations of monsoon onset timing are realistic, with an error in mean onset date of two pentads. However, the model has a dry bias over the Sahel during JJA of 15–20 %. Analysis suggests that this is related to errors in the positioning of the Saharan heat low, which is too far south in HadGEM3-RA and associated with an insufficient northward reach of the south-westerly low-level monsoon flow and weaker moisture convergence over the Sahel. Despite these biases HadGEM3-RA’s representation of the general rainfall distribution during the WAM appears superior to that of ERA-Interim when using Global Precipitation Climatology Project or Tropical Rain Measurement Mission data as reference. This suggests that the associated dynamical features seen in HadGEM3-RA can complement the physical picture available from ERA-Interim. This approach is supported by the fact that the global HadGEM3 model generates realistic simulations of the WAM without the benefit of pseudo-observational forcing at the lateral boundaries; suggesting that the physical formulation shared with HadGEM3-RA, is able to represent the driving processes. HadGEM3-RA simulations confirm previous findings that the main rainfall peak near 10°N during June–August is maintained by a region of mid-tropospheric ascent located, latitudinally, between the cores of the African Easterly Jet and Tropical Easterly Jet that intensifies around the time of onset. This region of ascent is weaker and located further south near 5°N in the driving ERA-Interim reanalysis, for reasons that may be related to the coarser resolution or the physics of the underlying model, and this is consistent with a less realistic latitudinal rainfall profile than found in the HadGEM3-RA simulations.     

论中国“玻璃国土”建设

"玻璃国土"是在一个国家范围内对"玻璃地球"的称谓。这是一个地质信息和地理信息相结合并存储于计算机网络上的、可供多用户访问和开展决策分析的三维可视化虚拟浅层地壳。其目的是便于矿产资源的发现和评价,同时揭示地质灾害孕育背景和机理并实现预警和减灾。"玻璃国土"建设不仅涉及理论、方法论和高功能三维地质信息系统的研发,还涉及获取深部探测新资料能力、新资料综合和解译能力的建设,以及矿产资源勘探、工程地质勘察和地质灾害预警等模式的建立,核心是地质信息科学和技术。"玻璃国土"建设的目标与各地质矿产部门所进行的信息化建设目标一致,但更系统、更完整、更完善,需要多部门联合行动。