Influence of illumination on phytotoxicity of crude oil

Petroleum products discharged at the water surface are rapidly modified under the effect of physico-chemical and biological transformations, themselves closely dependent on ecological factors. The rôle of some of these, such as illumination, may be particularly significant. This report deals with the effect of this parameter on the phytotoxicity of Kuwait crude oil on the primary production of a microalga: (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) and marine plankton communities.The result of these investigations indicates that the toxicity of extracts made from a crude oil is about two to three times greater when the latter is previously subjected to illumination of sufficient intensity and duration. The incorporation of a chemical dispersant (Corexit 8666) magnifies this phenomenon. In the case of a weathered crude oil mixed in equal parts with the dispersant, illumination raises the toxicity of the extracts by a factor of about 30.     

Die Abplattungsfunktion einparametriger sphäroidischer Gleichgewichtsfiguren

Zusammenfassung Aus der schon früher bewiesenen Eindeutigkeit des Dichtegesetzes der sphäroidischen Gleichgewichtsfiguren ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, aus einer gegebenen Gleichgewichtsfigur durch «Entblätterung» eine unendliche Reihe neuer Gleichgewichtsfiguren derselben Rotationsgeschwindigkeit mit ständig abnehmender Größe und Masse zu bilden. Auf diese Weise kann man jede beliebige innere Niveaufläche der ursprünglichen Figur bloßlegen und aus der von ihr umschlossenen TeilmasseE, der Rotationsgeschwindigkeit , der Äquatorachsea und der Äquatorachsea _h des homogenen Ausgangsellipsoides der zugehörigen Figurenreihe (,C) die Abplattung berechnen und gewinnt so die Abplattungsfunktion im Innern einer Gleichgewichtsfigur gänzlich unabhängig von derClairautschen Differentialgleichung. Die Methode der Entblätterung ist auch auf höherparametrige Gleichgewichtsfiguren mit unstetigem Dichtegesetz anwendbar; sie liefert für dasWiechertsche Modell die Kernoberfläche in einer Tiefe von 3864.75 km und einen Dichtesprung von 17.84.

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Summary In a previous paper I have shown, that the law of density of the spheroidal figures of equilibrium is strictly individual. This makes it possible from a given figure of equilibrium by the so called method of «stripping of leaves» to gain an infinite series of new figures of equilibrium with permanently decreasing size and mass. In this manner any inner level surface of the given figure can be laid bare and its flattening can be calculated from the enclosed part of massE, the rotation velocity , the equator axisa and from the equator axisa _h of theMacLaurin ellipsoid in the beginning of the series (,C) belonging to the seeked figure. So the function of flattening in the interior of any equilibrium figure is gained totally independant fromClairaut's differential equation. The method of «stripping of leaves» also can be used for figures of equilibrium with more than one form-parameter and with discontinual density distribution. It yields forWiechert's model the surface of the core in a depth of 3864.75 km and a discontinuity of 17.84 in density.

     

西藏高原及其附近的流场结构和对流层大气的热量平衡

本文利用1954—1956年的高空及地面记录,作出了平均流场,并计算了垂直速度、冷暖平流及辐射等,得出下面几点结论:1)冬季在1.5千米及3千米的西风,在高原西边有明显的分支,东边有明显的会合,且在东西两边各有一“死水区”(风速很小),在高原北面形成了高压脊,而在其南面形成了低槽,到了6千米除了二个“死水区”消失以外,其余基本上没有变化。2)夏季1.5千米及3千米在高原附近的流线,绕高原作气旋性旋转,而到了6千米则相反而呈反气旋性旋转,其中心在高原西南部分,且随高度增加而向西偏。3)夏季在高原上基本上是上升运动,可能达到9千米;冬季在高原上估计可能是下沉运动(除西南角有部分上升运动)。4)夏季可以肯定高原是一个热源,而冬季除了西南角有—部分是热源外,其他地区可能是一冷源。     

Processi meccanici nella distruzione degli edifici per azioni sismiche

Riassunto L'A. riferisce sulle esperienze sistematiche eseguite su modelli di edifici soggetti a scosse analoghe ai movimenti tellurici, allo scopo di analizzare e spiegare i processi meccanici che intervengono nella distruzione degli edifici per azione sismica, traendone deduzioni pratiche per la tecnica delle costruzioni asismiche.

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Zusammenfassung Diese Versuchsreihe vertieft die früheren des Verfassers, die Klarheit über die mechanischen Vorgänge bei der Zerstörung von Bauwerken durch Erdbeben bringen und gleichzeitig helfen sollen, eine Lücke in den Grundlagen erdbebenkundlicher Bautechnik zu schliessen. Aus den Ergebnissen werden eine Reihe von Folgerungen für die Praxis gezogen.

     

Integrating Meteosat satellite and rain-gauge information to estimate rainfall patterns

This paper presents the development and the application of techniques for the integration of information coming from Meteosat satellite images and rain-gauge measurements, with the purpose of estimating the rainfall pattern on a certain river basin. The proposed integration techniques are based on the definition of a data coherence problem and on the application of mathematical programming methods. The quality of the estimation procedure is evaluated by using a rainfall/runoff model for the basin which allows the generation of a hydrograph at a given section of the river, on the basis of the above estimated rainfall pattern in the upstream watershed. The comparison of the hydrograph with the observed one allows the parametric tuning of the integration procedure.     

开展矿区环境地质调查与评价为矿山环境保护提供科学依据

随着采矿业的发展,引起矿区地质环境的恶化,如地面形变,边坡失稳,地应力增高,水环境污染等。积极开展矿区环境地质调查与评价,查明现状,预测发展趋势,提出防治意见,从而达到合理开采利用矿产资源和保护地质环境的目的。     

On non-artesian groundwater flow

Summary The present paper deals with certain problems of non-artesian aquifers, with special reference to non-steady flow due to replenishment from the ground surface. Solutions are obtained by direct integration ofBoussinesq's differential equation (transformed), taking also the inclination of the groundwater surface and the slope of the bottom of the aquifer into account. — The study has some bearing on hydrological investigations. For example, it may be desired to find the location of a moving groundwater divide between two water courses, or to determine the quantity of groundwater passing between them. Problems of this nature are also often met with in water supply (artificial infiltration, etc.) and other fields of engineering practice.     

The Late Pleistocene clastic deposits in the Romito Cave,southern Italy: a proxy record of environmental changes and human presence

Clastic sediments deposited in caves and rock shelters bear peculiar sedimentological characteristics and have seldom been considered as a high‐resolution proxy record of climatic or environmental changes. The Romito Cave has its entrance at 275 m above sea level, about 25 km from the Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria, southern Italy. New archaeological excavation performed since 2000 has revealed a sedimentary succession spanning the record of Gravettian to Late Epigravettian cultures (Late Pleistocene). The present study focuses on the lower part (2.5 m thick) of the succession, where three main unconformity‐bounded stratigraphic units have been recognised (labelled RM1–3). Each unit consists of water‐lain deposits indicating high‐ to low‐competence flow, capped with anthropogenic deposits. The gradual deactivation and reactivation of the water drainage between 23 475 ± 190 and 16 250 ± 500 cal. a BP is correlated with regional precipitation changes due to the onset of dry climatic conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum. However, the deactivation of cave drainage after the deposition of unit RM3, around 15 400 ± 500 cal. a BP, deviates from the regional hydrological trend of progressively increasing water discharges and is attributed to the drainage cut‐off by probable cave wall collapses. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of typhoon surges along the coast of Taiwan

A numerical model has been designed to study the storm surge induced by typhoon along the coast of Taiwan. The governing equations have been expressed in spherical coordinate system, and a finite difference method has been used to solve them. In the system of hydrodynamical equations, the nonlinear advection and lateral eddy viscosity terms are prominent in shallow coastal waters. Air pressure gradient and wind stresses are the driving forces in the model of typhoon surge. The model has been verified with storm surges induced by Typhoons Herb in 1996, and by typhoons Kai-Tak and Bilis in 2000.