千岛湖社会—生态系统恢复力测度与影响机理

立足反映恢复力属性特征的盆地模型理论,构建基于稳定性景观的恢复力评价体系。从脆弱性、应对能力两大层面以及社会、经济、生态三大子系统入手,建立旅游地社会—生态系统恢复力测度指标体系,运用集对分析法,测度千岛湖旅游地社会—生态系统恢复力,甄别影响恢复力的主要因子,揭示旅游地社会—生态系统恢复力因子影响机理及曲线规律。结果表明:1 1987-2012年间千岛湖旅游地社会—生态系统脆弱性指数由0.4576缓慢上升至0.5622,应对能力指数由0.0282快速上升至0.9725,恢复力指数由0.1276稳步上升至0.8669,恢复力应是脆弱性与应对能力相互作用的结果。2总脆弱性受生态子系统脆弱性影响最大,总应对能力受经济子系统应对能力影响最大,总恢复力受社会和经济子系统恢复力影响较大。总应对能力对恢复力起着决定性作用,其中社会和经济系统的应对能力作用更加突出。3恢复力因子影响曲线可分为线性递增和递减、非线性U型/倒U型递增和递减6种类型,不同阶段、不同因子对系统恢复力作用方式、性质、速率具有差异性,主要以非线性影响为主,且存在不确定性。     

基于小波的浙江省NDVI与自然—人文因子多尺度空间关联分析

对地表植被的空间分布格局及其与自然、人文因子间的关系开展综合的、多尺度的定量分析,这是全球气候变化背景下土地利用与覆被研究中的一项重要内容。以地处亚热带湿润季风区的浙江省为研究区,设置了东西向(样线A)和北南向(样线B)两条样线,并应用小波分析方法对研究区NDVI、高程、坡度和土地利用强度等因子的尺度特征以及这些因子间的多尺度相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:1研究区内,NDVI、高程、坡度及土地利用强度的空间分布格局存在四个尺度域;2上述因子在样线A及样线B上的空间分布分别存在两个主要特征尺度,其中东西向(样线A)上的特征尺度为40 km和80 km,北南向(样线B)上主要的特征尺度为30 km和50 km;3在较大尺度域(8 km以上),土地利用强度是影响NDVI空间分布的最主要因素,而在小尺度域(0~8 km),坡度和高程因子成为影响NDVI分布的主要因子。研究还认为,小波分析方法为识别地理要素空间分布的特征尺度、量测要素间任意尺度、任意位置上的相干关系,提供了方便的工具。     

港口城市空间格局、发展趋势及借鉴——以南非德班为例

港城空间结构一直是港口城市发展的重要内容,经济全球化背景下的国际港口普遍呈现由贸易和物流综合中心向港口及港际联盟发展的态势。南非与中国同属于发展中国家,南非德班属于非洲的门户型港口城市且处于向港际联盟发展的阶段,就港城关系来看德班港在城市中发挥主导作用且呈继续上升的趋势。因此本文选取德班港为主要研究案例,运用文献综述、专题地图分析及数据比较法,从港口对城市城乡结构、土地利用的空间布局、产业集聚及城市交通的影响方面分析,总结发展中国家处于此阶段的门户型港口城市内部空间布局结构特点,并对港城空间结构的发展提出建议。     

内蒙古乌梁素海湿地土壤有机碳组成与碳储量

2013年5月,在乌梁素海湿地的明水区、湖中芦苇(Phragmites australis)区、人工芦苇区(弃耕26 a)和弃耕芦苇区(弃耕3 a),采集0~40 cm深度的土壤(或沉积物)样品,研究土壤的有机碳组成[颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿质结合有机碳(MOC)]和碳储量。乌梁素海明水区的平均水深1~3 m,生长着沉水植物;湖中芦苇区水深约1 m,自然生长着野生芦苇,常年淹水;弃耕芦苇区为2011年农田退耕后形成的芦苇沼泽,季节性淹水;人工芦苇区的芦苇于1988年种植,季节性淹水。结果表明,明水区和湖中芦苇区表层土壤(0~10 cm深度)的总有机碳含量(15 g/kg)明显高于弃耕芦苇区[(2.60±0.33)g/kg]和人工芦苇区[(6.29±0.75)g/kg]。随着土壤深度的增加,人工芦苇区、明水区和湖中芦苇区土壤的总有机碳(TOC)含量都在减少。弃耕芦苇区各深度土壤的总有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量都相对最低。湖中芦苇区表层土壤的颗粒有机碳含量[(6.96±3.02)g/kg]最高,并且随着土壤深度的增加,其颗粒有机碳含量减少最快。除弃耕芦苇区外,其他采样区土壤(沉积物)的矿质结合有机碳含量都随着土壤深度的增加而减少,且在10~20 cm深度变化最明显,与颗粒有机碳含量垂直变化相似。明水区沉积物的颗粒有机碳含量占总有机碳含量的比例相对较低,表明其碳库最稳定。各采样区土壤(沉积物)不同组分有机碳含量与有机氮含量显著线性相关,TOC/TON、POC/PON和MOC/MON平均值分别为11.0、12.8和10.2。明水区沉积物总有机碳的储量最高(3.93 kg/m2),其次为湖中芦苇区(3.48 kg/m2)和人工芦苇区(3.18 kg/m2),弃耕芦苇区土壤总有机碳的储量仅为1.87 kg/m2。各采样区土壤(沉积物)的矿质结合有机碳储量都占较大比例,分别为80.2%(明水区)、67.9%(湖中芦苇区)、78.3%(人工芦苇区)和68.8%(弃耕芦苇区)。如果沼泽化导致明水区退化为芦苇沼泽,乌梁素海湿地的碳库损失将达到0.45 kg/m2。     

A mechanism for the origin and development of the large-scale dunefield on the right flank of the lower reach of Laoha River, Northeast China

By viewing satellite imagery, a striking large-scale dunefield can be clearly perceived, with a size of nearly 63 km long and 11 km wide, and trending NE–SW, on the right flank of the lower Laoha River, Northeast China. By means of remote sensing imagery analysis and field observation as well as a comparison with a small-scale dunefield on the right flank of the lower Xiangshui River, analogous to the case of the lower Laoha River, this paper presents a new mechanism for its origin and development. The results show that:(1) the large-scale dunefield bears a tile-style framework overwhelmingly composed of transverse barchanoid ridges perpendicular to the predominant winds, and inlaid diverse blowouts.(2) The small-scale dunefield, referred to as a primary structural unit of the large one, is typical of an incipient dunefield, following the same rules of evolution as the larger.(3) A succession of barchanoid ridge chains can steadily migrate downwind in much the same manner as surface wave propagation in air or water stimulated by an incised valley, and ultimately tend to bear roughly the same wavelength and amplitude under stable climate and hydrologic regimes.(4) The first ridge chain acquires its sand source substantially from the downwind escarpments exposing the loose Quaternary sandy sediments to the air, while the ensuing ridges derive their sands dominantly from in situ deflation of the underlain Quaternary loose sandy sediments in blowouts, partly from the upwind ridges through northern elongated horns. Theoretically, the sands from riparian escarpments can be transported by wind to the downwind distal end of a dunefield after sufficient long duration.(5) The lower Laohahe region experienced probably three significant climatic changes in the past, corresponding to the three active dune belts, suggesting that once a large-scale dunefield occurs, it is nearly impossible to be completely stabilized, at least in its central portions. At present, seasonal shrinkage and stagnation of the lower Laoha River, widespread farming and afforestation in the valley, and establishing windbreaks downwind of the valley as well as surrounding the dunefield, appear to have significantly modified local flow fields and sand sources, engendering significant degradation of the dunefield.     

Test on dynamic characteristics of subgrade of heavy-haul railway in cold regions

Dynamic characteristics of heavy-haul railway subgrade under vibratory loading in cold regions are investigated via low-temperature dynamic triaxial tests with multi-stage cyclic loading process. The relationship between dynamic shear stress and dynamic shear strain of frozen soil of subgrade under train loading and the influence of freezing temperatures on dynamic constitutive relation, dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio are observed in this study. Test results show that the dynamic constitutive relations of the frozen soils with different freezing temperatures comply with the hyperbolic model, in which model parameters a and b decrease with increasing freezing temperature. The dynamic shear modulus of the frozen soils decreases with increasing dynamic shear strains initially, followed by a relatively smooth attenuation tendency, whereas increases with decreasing freezing temperatures. The damping ratios decrease with decreasing freezing temperatures. Two linear functions are defined to express the linear relationships between dynamic shear modulus (damping ratio) and freezing temperature, respectively, in which corresponding linear coefficients are obtained through multiple regression analysis of test data.     

Determination of allowable subgrade frost heave with the pavement roughness index in numerical analysis

Frost heave is an upward swelling of soil during cryogenic conditions in cold regions. It is caused by the accumulation of ice crystals in subgrade soil, which grow upwards when freezing temperatures penetrate into the subgrade. This study establishes the allowable soil subgrade frost heave based on the roughness standard of asphalt pavement in China, and aims to balance the pavement design and frost heave resistance of subgrades in cold regions. We formulated a mechanical model of pavement supported by the boundary conditions of differential frost heave, based on the elastic layered system theory. The differential soil subgrade frost heave was modeled as a sinusoidal function, and the allowable frost heave and the roughness index were modeled as the displacement boundaries for the top and bottom of the pavement structure. Then the allowable frost heave was back-calculated according to the roughness standard. Numerical results show that the allowable frost heave depends on the pavement structure, material properties, the highway grade, and other factors. In order to ensure that the actual soil subgrade frost heave is lower than the allowable frost heave, pavement structures and materials need to be selected and designed carefully. The numerical method proposed here can be applied to establish the frost heave resistance of subgrade when the pavement structure and materials are determined.     

TanDEM-X双站SAR干涉测量及研究进展

较全面、系统地介绍了Tan DEM-X/Terra SAR-X双站SAR科学计划,重点涉及其科学目标、Tan DEM-X卫星参数、轨道结构以及干涉数据获取模式等相关内容,并讨论了双站SAR成像、极化In SAR和数字波束成形等干涉测量新技术及其研究进展。这些双站SAR新技术的实现将大大地推动SAR干涉测量在全球地形测绘、冰川学、海洋学及地质学等领域中的应用。     

水汽层析代数重构算法

讨论了代数重构算法在水汽层析应用中的各种问题,包括约束条件的构造、层析初值的选择、松弛因子的计算、终止条件的确定等,给出了计算最优松弛因子的黄金分割搜索法和确定终止条件的NCP规则,对比分析了Kaczmarz、Randkaczmarz、Symkaczmarz、SART、Landweber、Cimmino、CAV、DROP等8种常见的代数重构算法,并以香港SatRef的观测数据进行了试验。试验结果表明,以上8种代数重构技术都能够满足水汽层析的要求;迭代终止条件比松弛因子更为重要;采用文中计算最优松弛因子的黄金分割搜索法和NCP迭代终止条件,CAV算法结果最优,其次为Cimmino算法。     

黔北务-正-道铝土矿床矿物学特征研究

黔北务—正—道铝土矿集区为黔中—渝南铝土矿成矿带的重要组成部分,是贵州省主要的铝土矿成矿区带之一。含矿岩系为中二叠统梁山组,矿床成因属古风化壳沉积型。矿石化学成分分析显示,土状、碎屑状铝土矿中Al2O3含量较高,Al2O3/ SiO2值大,质量好,而豆鲕状、致密块状铝土矿中Al2O3含量较低,Al2O3/ SiO2值小,质量较差。显微观察、粉晶衍射和电子探针分析表明,铝土矿石中主要矿物为一水硬铝石、勃姆石和粘土矿物,其中一水硬铝石多为短柱、半自形-自形晶体,呈集合体分布,粘土矿物以高岭石为主,呈孤岛、残留环状产出,其次见伊利石、蒙托石、绿泥石等,副矿物有黄铁矿、磁铁矿、长石、石英、金红石、锆石、锐钛矿、方解石和白云石等。铝土岩中主要矿物为粘土矿物,以高岭石为主,其它矿物和铝土矿相似。铝土矿石的主要元素Al2O3、SiO2、TFe2O3 和TiO2含量之和大于83%,烧失量小于14%,而铝土岩的Al2O3、SiO2、TFe2O3 和TiO2含量之和小于80%,烧失量大于15%。可见铝土矿和铝土岩在主要矿物组成和主要组分总量上具有明显差异。结合以往研究资料,本文解析铝土矿形成过程为韩家店组砂页岩(成矿母岩)在适宜的气候条件下,经风化、淋滤等作用,形成富集Al、Ti等惰性元素的风化残积物和以高岭石为主的粘土矿物,随后被迁移、搬运至河湖盆地环境中,在沉积分过程中粘土矿物不断脱硅、去铁、富铝,形成铝土岩层,经埋深压实、成岩成矿作用后进一步脱硅、去铁、富铝,最终在中二叠世形成以一水硬铝石为主的铝土矿工业矿体。