山西省部分台站下方S波速度结构研究及与地震关系探讨

本文利用山西省数字台网的深源远震S波记录,利用直接拟合S波波形的方法反演得到了山西境内山自皂(113.71,40.08)、右玉(112.37,40.02)、苛岚(111.72,38.78)、昔阳(113.72,37.57)、离石(111.24,37.53)、夏县(111.24,35.12)共6个台站下的剪切波速度结构.     

秦岭中段及其相邻区域S波速度结构研究

利用纯S波波形拟合方法,输入纯S波波形,使用传递矩阵计算了层状介质自底面传到地表约100 km厚度、32 s的理论地震波形;引进快速模拟退火法进行反演搜索理想模型,用理论波形与观测波形的相关系数作为约束函数,选择同一台站几个震例的理论波形与实际波形吻合最好的模型作为该台站下方的可接受速度结构模型.收集深源远震的清晰S波记录波形,我们共得到了陕西省境内秦岭造山带中段及其邻近区域13个地震台站下方的S波速度结构.结果显示,秦岭造山地带、渭河盆地及鄂尔多斯块体的地壳结构之间存在很大的差异,各个块体有其各自的构造特点;不过三个块体的地壳厚度都显示了由东向西逐渐增加的变化趋势.     

场地土液化引起的地下管道上浮反应研究

本文利用虚功原理,建立了场地土液化引起的地下管道的上浮反应分析模型,用弹性地基梁来模拟地下管道,并考虑了土的非线性约束作用、管道的初始变形、液化区长度、管道的初始轴力等的影响。采用非线性增量有限元法,对场地土液化引起的地下管道的上浮反应进行了研究,给出了部分计算结果。     

中高山区高精度航磁调查找矿效果研究

随着矿产资源需求的不断加大,我国西部高山区利用高精度航磁技术开展矿产勘查的需求越来越高,本文以东昆仑、阿尔金等多个高山区实测资料为基础,通过对不同型号飞机性能进行对比,选择适合高山区航磁测量的飞行平台;结合理论模型计算与不同高度飞行试验,确定了高山区有效飞行高度;并在基础上开展了航地磁测量效果对比.在航磁资料精细解释方面尝试了曲面位场转换处理,对比了转换前后局部异常强度变化;针对高海拔地区弱小磁异常选编,开展了弱缓异常提取技术研究;并针对起伏地形条件下航磁异常2.5D/3D精细反演解释技术手段进行了尝试,就如何提高航磁资料找矿效果进行了积极的探索.     

Geochronology,petrology,and geochemistry of the Yaojiazhuang ultramafic-syenitic complex from the North China Craton

The Yaojiazhuang ultramafic-syenitic complex is one of the representative Triassic alkaline plutons on the northern margin of the North China Craton(NCC).Based on detailed study of the zircon U-Pb age,petrological,mineralogical,and geochemical data of the complex,the characteristics of the magmas system,the petrogenesis of different rock types,and the nature of the mantle source were discussed to provide new constraints on the origin and tectonic setting of the Triassic alkaline belt.Cumulus ultramafic rocks,clinopyroxene-syenites and syenites are the main rock types of the complex.The zircons from the syenites yielded a U-Pb age of 209 Ma.Diopside-augite,biotite,and sanidine-orthoclase are the major minerals,with subordinate apatite and magnetite.Rocks from the complex are enriched in large ion lithophile elements(LILE)and light rare earth elements(LREE),depleted in high field strength elements(HFSE)and heavy rare earth elements(HREE),and the initial 87Sr/86Sr ranges from 0.7057 to 0.7061 and ε Nd(t)from-9.4 to-11.4.Mineralogy and geochemical data demonstrate that the parent magma of the complex is SiO2-undersaturated ultrapotassic alkaline-peralkaline,and is characterized by high CaO content and fluid compositions(P2O5,CO2,H2O),and by high oxygen fugacity and high temperature.The complex was originated from a phlogopite-clinopyroxenite-rich lithospheric mantle source in the garnet-stable area(> 80 km)that had previously been metasomatized by melts/fluids from altered oceanic crust.The parent magma has been contaminated by little ancient TTG gneisses during magma emplacement.The development of the Yaojiazhuang complex indicates that the northern margin of the NCC has entered into an extensively extensional regime in the Late Triassic.     

Adsorption of Complex Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions by Nanocomposite Materials

In view of water pollutants becoming more complex, both anionic and cationic pollutants need to be removed. The multi‐pollutants simultaneous removal is paid more and more attention. Hence, development composite materials for treatment complex wastewater are the aim of this study. In this research, iron–nickel nanoparticles deposited onto aluminum oxide (α‐Al₂O₃) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form nanocomposite materials Fe–Ni/Al₂O₃ and Fe–Ni/CNTs, respectively, were used as adsorbents. The adsorption capacities of Fe–Ni/Al₂O₃ and Fe–Ni/CNTs for AO7, HSeO, and Pb²⁺ were observed to be 5.46, 8.28, 27.02, and 25.6 mg/g, 15.29 and 17.12 mg/g, separately. The composite materials with negative charges were superior in adsorption of anionic pollutants. Using orthogonal experimental design and analysis of variance to co‐treat dye AO7, HSeO and Pb²⁺ in aqueous solutions, seven testing factors were included: (1) adsorbent types, (2) amount of iron, (3) solution pHs, (4) AO7 concentrations, (5) Pb²⁺ concentrations, (6) HSeO concentrations and (7) reaction time. The experimental results showed that the removal of complex pollutants AO7, HSeO, and Pb²⁺ on Fe–Ni/CNTs could reach up to 90% in the optimal treatment conditions. When using Fe–Ni/CNTs as the adsorbent, the sorption isothermals were well fitted in the Freundlich isotherm, and R² could reach up to 0.98.     

Conditional spectrum‐based ground motion selection. Part I: Hazard consistency for risk‐based assessments

The conditional spectrum (CS, with mean and variability) is a target response spectrum that links nonlinear dynamic analysis back to probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for ground motion selection. The CS is computed on the basis of a specified conditioning period, whereas structures under consideration may be sensitive to response spectral amplitudes at multiple periods of excitation. Questions remain regarding the appropriate choice of conditioning period when utilizing the CS as the target spectrum. This paper focuses on risk‐based assessments, which estimate the annual rate of exceeding a specified structural response amplitude. Seismic hazard analysis, ground motion selection, and nonlinear dynamic analysis are performed, using the conditional spectra with varying conditioning periods, to assess the performance of a 20‐story reinforced concrete frame structure. It is shown here that risk‐based assessments are relatively insensitive to the choice of conditioning period when the ground motions are carefully selected to ensure hazard consistency. This observed insensitivity to the conditioning period comes from the fact that, when CS‐based ground motion selection is used, the distributions of response spectra of the selected ground motions are consistent with the site ground motion hazard curves at all relevant periods; this consistency with the site hazard curves is independent of the conditioning period. The importance of an exact CS (which incorporates multiple causal earthquakes and ground motion prediction models) to achieve the appropriate spectral variability at periods away from the conditioning period is also highlighted. The findings of this paper are expected theoretically but have not been empirically demonstrated previously. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Conditional spectrum‐based ground motion selection. Part II: Intensity‐based assessments and evaluation of alternative target spectra

In a companion paper, an overview and problem definition was presented for ground motion selection on the basis of the conditional spectrum (CS), to perform risk‐based assessments (which estimate the annual rate of exceeding a specified structural response amplitude) for a 20‐story reinforced concrete frame structure. Here, the methodology is repeated for intensity‐based assessments (which estimate structural response for ground motions with a specified intensity level) to determine the effect of conditioning period. Additionally, intensity‐based and risk‐based assessments are evaluated for two other possible target spectra, specifically the uniform hazard spectrum (UHS) and the conditional mean spectrum (CMS, without variability).It is demonstrated for the structure considered that the choice of conditioning period in the CS can substantially impact structural response estimates in an intensity‐based assessment. When used for intensity‐based assessments, the UHS typically results in equal or higher median estimates of structural response than the CS; the CMS results in similar median estimates of structural response compared with the CS but exhibits lower dispersion because of the omission of variability. The choice of target spectrum is then evaluated for risk‐based assessments, showing that the UHS results in overestimation of structural response hazard, whereas the CMS results in underestimation. Additional analyses are completed for other structures to confirm the generality of the conclusions here. These findings have potentially important implications both for the intensity‐based seismic assessments using the CS in future building codes and the risk‐based seismic assessments typically used in performance‐based earthquake engineering applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of a multi‐temporal,LiDAR‐derived,digital terrain model in a landslide‐volume estimation

Sediments produced by landslides are crucial in the sediment yield of a catchment, debris flow forecasting, and related hazard assessment. On a regional scale, however, it is difficult and time consuming to measure the volumes of such sediment. This paper uses a LiDAR‐derived digital terrain model (DTM) taken in 2005 and 2010 (at 2 m resolution) to accurately obtain landslide‐induced sediment volumes that resulted from a single catastrophic typhoon event in a heavily forested mountainous area of Taiwan. The landslides induced by Typhoon Morakot are mapped by comparison of 25 cm resolution aerial photographs taken before and after the typhoon in an 83.6 km² study area. Each landslide volume is calculated by subtraction of the 2005 DTM from the 2010 DTM, and the scaling relationship between landslide area and its volume are further regressed. The relationship between volume and area are also determined for all the disturbed areas (V_L = 0.452A_L^1.242) and for the crown areas of the landslides (V_L = 2.510A_L^1.206). The uncertainty in estimated volume caused by use of the LiDAR DTMs is discussed, and the error in absolute volume estimation for landslides with an area >10⁵ m² is within 20%. The volume–area relationship obtained in this study is also validated in 11 small to medium‐sized catchments located outside the study area, and there is good agreement between the calculation from DTMs and the regression formula. By comparison of debris volumes estimated in this study with previous work, it is found that a wider volume variation exists that is directly proportional to the landslide area, especially under a higher scaling exponent. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

静海地震台地磁短周期变化及其在地震短临预报中的应用

近年来的一些研究表明，由于地震前孕震区地下介质的电性结构的变化，将导致地磁短周期转换函数发生异常变化。通过对地震前后的地磁短周期转换函数的参数的计算、分析和研究，有可能提取出可靠的地震短临前兆异常（曾小苹等，１９９０）。为了进一步开展对该方法研究工作并使其在我区地震预测预报研究中得到应用，我们使用了静海台的地磁记录资料，分析计算了该台地磁短周期转换函数在地震前后的变化情况，确立了该方法应用天津地区地震预报的短临异常特征及指标，取得了较好的效果。