Rapid decrease of mass balance observed in the Xiao (Lesser) Dongkemadi Glacier,in the central Tibetan Plateau

The mass balance of the Xiao (Lesser) Dongkemadi Glacier located in the Tanggula Mountains, of the central Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau has been monitored since 1989. The results show that the mass balance of the glacier has recently shown a deficit trend, and that the glacial terminus was also retreating. Positive mass balance of the glacier was dominant during the period 1989–1993, and the accumulated mass balance reached 970 mm. However, negative mass balance of the glacier has occurred since 1994, except for the large positive mass balance year 1997. The mass balance was ? 701 mm in 1998, an extremely negative glacier mass balance year. The equilibrium line altitude showed a significant increasing trend. The mass balance of the glacier has changed from a significantly positive mass balance to a strongly negative mass balance since 1994. Meteorological data suggest that the rapid decrease in the mass balance is related to summer season warming. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

喀左日光温室内气温变化规律及其应用

根据2003年12月至2004年3月喀左日光温室大棚内气温连续监测的气象资料,对棚内气温变化规律及影响因子进行分析。结果表明:天空总云量、日照时数、3级以上的风力和降雪是影响棚内气温日变化的主要气象因子。日照时数是影响棚内气温月变化的主要气象因子。依据分析结果,在实际中可用于日光温室大棚气温预报,为棚户生产提供实用的气象信息。     

青藏高原唐古拉山南北坡夏季风降水特征的对比分析

根据GAME-Tibet加强观测期间 (1998年5~9月) 所得到的位于青藏高原唐古拉山北坡的D105站和南坡的WADD站夏季风降水资料, 对唐古拉山南北坡夏季风降水特征进行了初步的对比分析.结果表明两地夏季风降水频率较高.在1998年6月25日~9月19日, WADD站的降水量比D105站的降水量多48.8%, 而发生的降水次数在WADD站比D105站多10次, 两者的累积降水次数基本上差不多.同时, WADD站平均降水强度高于D105站.这两地的夏季风降水存在明显的活跃期和中断期, 7月中旬夏季风降水都不活跃.大多数情况下, 这两地的日降水量的变化有较为一致的趋势, 表明两地降水可能受同一降水过程的控制.9月初以后, 夏季风降水已明显减弱.     

海脉冲营养素(HMC)研究——HMC对小鼠免疫功能的影响

研究海脉冲营养素“ＨＭＣ”对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果表明：小鼠口服ＨＭＣ３００ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ｄ，连续７～１０ｄ，可增加小鼠免疫器官的重量（Ｐ＜０．０５）；提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率和吞噬指数（Ｐ＜０．０１）；促进ＰＨＡ刺激的淋巴细胞转化反应（Ｐ＜０．０１）和提高ＡＮＡＥ＋淋巴细胞百分率（Ｐ＜０．０５）；对小鼠血清溶血素和ＰＦＣ数目的生成无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），对ＨＰＡ和ＣＴＸ引起的免疫抑制有拮抗作用。提示：ＨＭＣ是一种有效的免疫调节剂。     

Deuterium‐excess determination of evaporation to inflow ratios of an alpine lake: Implications for water balance and modeling

The numerous lakes on the Tibetan Plateau play an important role in the regional hydrological cycle and water resources, but systematic observations of the lake water balance are scarce on the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we present a detailed study on the water cycle of Cona Lake, at the headwaters of the Nujiang‐Salween River, based on 3 years (2011–2013) of observations of δ¹⁸O and δ²H, including samples from precipitation, lake water, and outlet surface water. Short‐term atmospheric water vapor was also sampled for isotope analyses. The δ²H–δ¹⁸O relationship in lake water (δ²H = 6.67δ¹⁸O ? 20.37) differed from that of local precipitation (δ²H = 8.29δ¹⁸O + 12.50), and the deuterium excess (d‐excess) in the lake water (?7.5‰) was significantly lower than in local precipitation (10.7‰), indicating an evaporative isotope enrichment in lake water. The ratio of evaporation to inflow (E /I ) of the lake water was calculated using both d‐excess and δ¹⁸O. The E /I ratios of Cona lake ranged from 0.24 to 0.27 during the 3 years. Observations of atmospheric water vapor isotopic composition (δ _A ) improved the accuracy in E /I ratio estimate over a simple precipitation equilibrium model, though a correction factor method provided nearly identical estimates of E /I ratio. The work demonstrates the feasibility of d‐excess in the study of the water cycle for lakes in other regions of the world and provides recommendations on sampling strategies for accurate calculations of E /I ratio.     

Snow cover and runoff modelling in a high mountain catchment with scarce data: effects of temperature and precipitation parameters

Snowmelt is an important source of runoff in high mountain catchments. Snowmelt modelling for alpine regions remains challenging with scarce gauges. This study simulates the snowmelt in the Karuxung River catchment in the south Tibetan Plateau using an altitude zone based temperature‐index model, calibrates the snow cover area and runoff simulation during 2003–2005 and validates the model performance via snow cover area and runoff simulation in 2006. In the snowmelt and runoff modelling, temperature and precipitation are the two most important inputs. Relevant parameters, such as critical snow fall temperature, temperature lapse rate and precipitation gradient, determine the form and amount of precipitation and distribution of temperature and precipitation in hydrological modelling of the sparsely gauged catchment. Sensitivity analyses show that accurate estimation of these parameters would greatly help in improving the snowmelt simulation accuracy, better describing the snow‐hydrological behaviours and dealing with the data scarcity at higher elevations. Specifically, correlation between the critical snow fall temperature and relative humidity and seasonal patterns of both the temperature lapse rate and the precipitation gradient should be considered in the modelling studies when precipitation form is not logged and meteorological observations are only available at low elevation. More accurate simulation of runoff involving snowmelt, glacier melt and rainfall runoff will improve our understanding of hydrological processes and help assess runoff impacts from a changing climate in high mountain catchments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏羊卓雍错近期湖水水位变化及其原因分析

分析了羊卓雍错湖水19742010年间的水位变化,特别是过去几年湖水水位的大幅度下降,并根据流域内浪卡子县气象数据分析了控制湖水水位变化的主要原因。计算了流域内降水累积距平及蒸发量累积距平,并与湖泊水位的年际变化进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,2005年以前羊卓雍湖湖水的水位年际变化与流域降水累积距平变化一致,而与蒸发量累积距平变化相反,降水与蒸发量变化可以解释93%的湖水水位变化。20052010年湖水水位变化偏离了降水量的变化趋势。分析表明,气候的变化远不能解释羊卓雍湖水位的快速下降,可能人为活动的影响,是导致羊卓雍湖水位下降的主要原因。     

Element composition of dust from a shallow Dunde ice core, Northern China

The Dunde ice cap (38°06'N, 96°24'E, with a summit of 5325 m) is situated at the centre of the northern Chinese deserts and receives dust from these regions. Here, we present the trace and rare earth element (REE) compositions of dust extracted from a shallow ice core from the Dunde ice cap, which provide a framework to trace the source of Dunde dust. Trace and REE parameters of Dunde dust show characteristics of a typical eolian deposit, with an average La/Th ratio of 2.6, a Th/U ratio of 3.7, and a strong negative Eu anomaly (0.61). The dirty layers in the ice core section have the same element characteristics as in the clear layers, indicating that the dust in Dunde is well-mixed and has a stable composition. Trace element and REE ratio plots show that Dunde dust has a similar composition to the finer fraction materials in the Taklimakan desert, suggesting that the Tarim Basin might be an important source for Dunde dust under the present circulation, but not favoring a material contribution from Badain Jaran. Our results reveal distinct differences in composition between Dunde dust and Chinese loess materials, which suggests that they have different sources.     

双溪堆积体的成因及其主要工程地质特征

双溪堆积体是大宁河上游广泛发育的、钙质胶结的碎石土堆积体,其成因与大宁河流域新近系不同时期发育的崩塌、滑坡和泥石流有密切的关系。在大宁河沿岸的双溪、中坝、神基坪一带,志留系泥岩粉砂岩等易风化软弱碎屑岩构成斜坡下部相对较缓的部位,二叠系或三叠系相对坚硬的灰岩则形成斜坡上部高陡的崖坡,坡脚则广泛分布着这种钙质胶结的双溪堆积体。     

长江中游城市群矿泉水资源勘查与发现——以咸宁市汀泗桥幅1:50 000水文地质调查数据集为例

长江中游城市群承东启西、连接南北,在我国经济均衡发展、和谐发展中占有重要地位,咸宁地区矿泉水资源的发现,将助力绿色经济发展。咸宁汀泗桥幅数据依托中国地质调查局"武汉都市圈京广高铁沿线汀泗桥幅地质环境综合调查"项目,在充分收集地质、遥感、物探及水文地质等资料基础上,开展汀泗桥幅1：50 000水文地质调查。本数据集包含钻孔基本信息（12个钻孔）、钻孔地层描述信息（12个钻孔）、机民井点调查结果（77个机民井）、泉点调查结果（46个泉点）、地下水动态监测信息（2处）、无机水样测试结果（61件）和有机水样测试结果（9件）,数据量约为4.77 MB。数据集充分反映了1：50 000水文地质调查中典型水文地质现象、灰岩地层的岩溶发育特点及岩溶地下水的水化学特征。通过水化学分析,在咸宁市汀泗桥镇白羊畈-赤壁官塘驿镇大贵畈-中伙铺镇一线发现富锶型饮用天然矿泉水,赤壁中伙铺琅桥一带为富锶、富锌复合型饮用天然矿泉水,对该区的矿泉水资源勘查具有重要参考意义。实施探采结合井,服务地方用水需求。